{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:32:21Z","timestamp":1781587941763,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University as a \u201cproblem-driven\u201d research projects","award":["ex D.M. 737\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ex D.M. 737\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>EBV infects more than 90% of people globally, causing lifelong infection. The phases of the EBV life cycle encompass primary infection, latency, and subsequent reactivation or lytic phase. The primary infection usually happens without noticeable symptoms, commonly in early life stages. If it manifests after childhood, it could culminate in infectious mononucleosis. Regarding potential late consequences, EBV is associated with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic active EBV infection, lymphomas, and carcinomas. Previous reports that the lytic phase plays a negligible or merely secondary role in the oncogenesis of EBV-related tumors are steadily losing credibility. The right mechanisms through which the lytic cycle contributes to carcinogenesis are still unclear, but it is now recognized that lytic genes are expressed to some degree in different cancer-type cells, implicating their role here. The lytic infection is a persistent aspect of virus activity, continuously stimulating the immune system. EBV shows different strategies to modulate and avoid the immune system, which is thought to be a key factor in its ability to cause cancer. So, the principal goal of our review is to explore the EBV\u2019s lytic phase contribution to oncogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1728388930000},"page":"876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Immune Modulation by Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Lytic Cycle: Relevance and Implication in Oncogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9227-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevena","family":"Todorovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Raffaella","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Toscana Nord Ovest, 56121 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-9343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amedeo","family":"Amedei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7","article-title":"Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"283","author":"Epstein","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30488-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: A worldwide incidence analysis","volume":"8","author":"Georges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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