{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T06:05:47Z","timestamp":1778393147641,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Free-living amoebae (FLA) are prevalent in diverse environments, representing various genera and species with different pathogenicity. FLA-induced infections, such as the highly fatal amoebic encephalitis, with a mortality rate of 99%, primarily affect immunocompromised individuals while others such as Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and cutaneous amebiasis may affect immunocompetent individuals. Despite the prevalence of FLA, there is a lack of standardized guidelines for their detection near human habitats. To date, no studies on the isolation and identification of FLA in environmental soil samples in Warsaw have been published. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of amoebae in soil samples collected from Warsaw parks and squares frequented by humans. The isolated protozoa were genotyped. Additionally, their pathogenic potential was determined through thermophilicity tests. A total of 23 soil samples were seeded on non-nutrient agar plates (NNA) at 26 \u00b0C and monitored daily for FLA presence. From the total of 23 samples, 18 were positive for FLA growth in NNA and PCR (78.2%). Acanthamoeba spp. was the most frequently isolated genus, with a total of 13 positive samples (13\/18; 72.2%), and the T4 genotype being the most common. Moreover, Platyamoeba placida (3\/18; 16.7%), Stenamoeba berchidia (1\/18; 5.6%) and Allovahlkampfia sp. (1\/18; 5.6%), also potentially pathogenic amoebae, were isolated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of FLA presence and characterization in the Warsaw area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T11:28:51Z","timestamp":1729078131000},"page":"895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Potentially Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae Isolated from Soil Samples from Warsaw Parks and Squares"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Edyta Beata","family":"Hendiger-Rizo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Chmielewska-Jeznach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Poreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aitor","family":"Rizo Liendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Koryszewska-Bagi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7090-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ol\u0119dzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7503-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Padzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00232.x","article-title":"Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea","volume":"50","author":"Visvesvara","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. 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