{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T20:42:45Z","timestamp":1773088965118,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) is a chronic, progressive neurological disorder and shares many radiological and clinical features with other more prevalent myelopathies. Here, we quantified spinal cord and brain volumes in adults with HAM\/TSP in comparison with healthy volunteers (HVs) and individuals diagnosed with relapsing\u2013remitting or progressive multiple sclerosis (RRMS or P-MS). Clinical disability and MRI were assessed in 24 HVs, 43 HAM\/TSP subjects, and 46 MS subjects. Spinal cord cross-sectional area (SCCSA) and brain tissue volumes were measured and compared. HAM\/TSP subjects had significantly lower SCCSA corresponding to cervical levels 2 and 3 (C2\u20133) (54.0 \u00b1 8 mm2), cervical levels 4 and 5 (C4\u20135) (57.8 \u00b1 8 mm2), and thoracic levels 4 to 9 (T4\u20139) (22.7 \u00b1 4 mm2) and significantly elevated brain white matter hyperintensity (WMH) fraction (0.004 \u00b1 0.008) compared to the HVs (C2\u20133: 69.4 \u00b1 8 mm2, C4\u20135: 75.1 \u00b1 9 mm2, T4\u20139: 34.1 \u00b1 4 mm2; all p &lt; 0.0001; and WMH: 0.0005 \u00b1 0.0007; p &lt; 0.001). In the HAM\/TSP subjects, SCCSA at all levels but not WMH showed a significant correlation with clinical disability scores. WMH in HAM\/TSP subjects, therefore, may not be related to clinical disability. SCCSA in our limited RRMS cohort was higher than the HAM\/TSP cohort (C2\u20133: 67.6 \u00b1 8 mm2, C4\u20135: 72.7 \u00b1 9 mm2, T4\u20139: 33.4 \u00b1 5 mm2; all p &lt; 0.0001) and WMH was lower than in P-MS subjects (p = 0.0067). Principal component analysis suggested that SCCSA and WMH may be used to differentiate HAM\/TSP from MS. Understanding these differences msay help establish early diagnostic criteria for HAM\/TSP patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13110920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T07:53:43Z","timestamp":1729583623000},"page":"920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Radiological Changes in the Spinal Cord and Brain of Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM\/TSP)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0115-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily H.","family":"Stack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3716-2196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serhat V.","family":"Okar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroradiology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianxia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mallory","family":"Stack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2311-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yair","family":"Mina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann St 6, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gait\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroradiology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shila","family":"Azodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Ohayon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Clinic, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene C. M.","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Clinic, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2628-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroradiology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3725-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Govind","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"qMRI Core, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70628-7","article-title":"The HTLV-1 neurological complex","volume":"5","author":"Araujo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gessain, A., and Cassar, O. 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