{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:51:28Z","timestamp":1791942688997,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymyxin antibiotics B and colistin are considered drugs of last resort for the treatment of multi-drug and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. With the emergence and dissemination of multi-drug resistance, monitoring the use and resistance to polymyxins imparted by mobilised colistin resistance genes (mcr) is becoming increasingly important. The Aeromonas genus is widely disseminated throughout the environment and serves as a reservoir of mcr\u20133, posing a significant risk for the spread of resistance to polymyxins. Recent phylogenetic studies and the identification of insertion elements associated with mcr\u20133 support the notion that Aeromonas spp. may be the evolutionary origin of the resistance gene. Furthermore, mcr\u20133-related genes have been shown to impart resistance in na\u00efve E. coli and can increase the polymyxin MIC by up to 64-fold (with an MIC of 64 mg\/L) in members of Aeromonas spp. This review will describe the genetic background of the mcr gene, the epidemiology of mcr-positive isolates, and the relationship between intrinsic and transferable mcr resistance genes, focusing on mcr\u20133 and mcr\u20133-related genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13110921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T11:31:57Z","timestamp":1729596717000},"page":"921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Aeromonas and mcr\u20133: A Critical Juncture for Transferable Polymyxin Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nathan L.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen Campus, P.O. Box 663, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Wareham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-6936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Bean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen Campus, P.O. Box 663, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00048-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00048-19","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Progress and Challenges in Eight South Asian and Southeast Asian Countries","volume":"33","author":"Gandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0336-y","article-title":"Estimating the burden of antimicrobial resistance: A systematic literature review","volume":"7","author":"Naylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Zwaluw, K., de Haan, A., Pluister, G.N., Bootsma, H.J., de Neeling, A.J., and Schouls, L.M. (2015). The carbapenem inactivation method (CIM), a simple and low-cost alternative for the Carba NP test to assess phenotypic carbapenemase activity in gram-negative rods. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123690"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaballa, A., Wiedmann, M., and Carroll, L.M. (2023). More than mcr: Canonical plasmid- and transposon-encoded mobilized colistin resistance genes represent a subset of phosphoethanolamine transferases. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1060519"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1754133","article-title":"Colistin and its role in the Era of antibiotic resistance: An extended review (2000\u20132019)","volume":"9","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2018). Ranking of medically important antimicrobials for risk management of antimicrobial resistance due to non-human use, 6th revision (Geneva: World Health Organisation). Crit. Important Antimicrob. Hum. Med., 6, 45."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"8","article-title":"Colistin use in a carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales outbreak at a South African neonatal unit","volume":"38","author":"Abrahams","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","article-title":"Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: A microbiological and molecular biological study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00543-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00543-17","article-title":"Novel Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance Gene Mcr-3 Escherichia Coli","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaara, M. (2019). Polymyxins and Their Potential Next Generation as Therapeutic Antibiotics. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01689"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"43","article-title":"Polymyxin: A new chemotherapeutic agent","volume":"81","author":"Stansly","year":"1947","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/160263a0","article-title":"\u2018Aerosporin\u2019, an Antibiotic Produced by Bacillus aerosporus Greer","volume":"160","author":"Ainsworth","year":"1947","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(90)90212-K","article-title":"Cytotoxicity to cultured human keratinocytes of topical antimicrobial agents","volume":"48","author":"Cooper","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105943","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic adequacy of polymyxin B against extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in critically ill, general ward and cystic fibrosis patient populations","volume":"55","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328332e672","article-title":"Colistin in the 21st century","volume":"22","author":"Nation","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., and Velkov, T. (2019). Polymyxins: Mode of Action, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16373-0_4"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weerakoon, D., Marzinek, J.K., Pedebos, C., Bond, P.J., and Khalid, S. (2024). Polymyxin B1 in the E. coli inner membrane: A complex story of protein and lipopolysaccharide mediated insertion. J. Biol. Chem., 300.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107754"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Wang, H., Zhao, D., Zhang, S., and Hu, C. (2024). Polymyxins: Recent advances and challenges. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1424765"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khondker, A., Dhaliwal, A.K., Saem, S., Mahmood, A., Fradin, C., Moran-Mirabal, J., and Rheinst\u00e4dter, M.C. (2019). Membrane charge and lipid packing determine polymyxin-induced membrane damage. Commun. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0297-6"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olaitan, A.O., Morand, S., and Rolain, J.M. (2014). Mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: Acquired and intrinsic resistance in bacteria. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00643"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106262","article-title":"Polymyxin resistance in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients without polymyxin exposure: A multicentre study in China","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx286","article-title":"mcr-1 and mcr-2 (mcr-6.1) variant genes identified in Moraxella species isolated from pigs in Great Britain from 2014 to 2015","volume":"72","author":"Abuoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00071-21","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00071-21","article-title":"Various Novel Colistin Resistance Mechanisms Interact To Facilitate Adaptation of Aeromonas hydrophila to Complex Colistin Environments","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky111","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-7.1 in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30280","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.27.30280","article-title":"Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene, mcr-2, in Escherichia coli, Belgium, June 2016","volume":"21","author":"Xavier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30589","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.31.30589","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, Italy 2013, Spain and Belgium, 2015 to 2016","volume":"22","author":"Carattoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx327","article-title":"Identification of a novel transposon-associated phosphoethanolamine transferase gene, mcr-5, conferring colistin resistance in d-tartrate fermenting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B","volume":"72","author":"Borowiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0206-y","article-title":"Emergence of a novel mobile colistin resistance gene,mcr-8, in NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00853-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00853-19","article-title":"Identification of Novel Mobilized Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-9 in a Multidrug-Resistant, Colistin-Susceptible Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Isolate","volume":"10","author":"Carroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1732231","article-title":"Identification of novel mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-10","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinchliffe, P., Yang, Q.E., Portal, E., Young, T., Li, H., Tooke, C.L., Carvalho, M.J., Paterson, N.G., Brem, J., and Niumsup, P.R. (2017). Insights into the Mechanistic Basis of Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance from Crystal Structures of the Catalytic Domain of MCR-1. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39392"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervoni, M., Lo Sciuto, A., Bianchini, C., Mancone, C., and Imperi, F. (2021). Exogenous and Endogenous Phosphoethanolamine Transferases Differently Affect Colistin Resistance and Fitness in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.778968"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14244","article-title":"Structure and function of lipid A\u2013modifying enzymes","volume":"1459","author":"Anandan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101336","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101336","article-title":"Mobile Colistin Resistance Enzyme MCR-3 Facilitates Bacterial Evasion of Host Phagocytosis","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900038","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900038","article-title":"Definition of a Family of Nonmobile Colistin Resistance (NMCR-1) Determinants Suggests Aquatic Reservoirs for MCR-4","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2024.101088","article-title":"Characterization of NMCR-3, NMCR-4 and NMCR-5, three novel non-mobile colistin resistance determinants: Implications for MCR-3, MCR-7, and MCR-5 progenitors, respectively","volume":"75","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00278-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00278-18","article-title":"Genetic and Functional Characterization of an MCR-3-Like Enzyme-Producing Escherichia coli Isolate Recovered from Swine in Brazil","volume":"62","author":"Kieffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15171","article-title":"Characterization of NMCR-2, a new non-mobile colistin resistance enzyme: Implications for an MCR-8 ancestor","volume":"23","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2023.101006","article-title":"The definition and global epidemiology of nonmobile colistin resistance (NMCR-3) determinants in Aeromonas from 1968 to 2022","volume":"71","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02106-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02106-17","article-title":"Presence of an mcr-3 Variant in Aeromonas caviae, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli from One Domestic Duck","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0578-6","article-title":"Compensatory mutations modulate the competitiveness and dynamics of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli clones","volume":"14","author":"MacLean","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271688","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2271688","article-title":"Uncovering the hidden threat: The widespread presence of chromosome-borne accessory genetic elements and novel antibiotic resistance genetic environments in Aeromonas","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khedher, M.B., Baron, S.A., Riziki, T., Ruimy, R., Raoult, D., Diene, S.M., and Rolain, J.M. (2020). Massive analysis of 64,628 bacterial genomes to decipher water reservoir and origin of mobile colistin resistance genes: Is there another role for these enzymes?. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63167-5"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S468000","article-title":"Colistin Resistance Mediated by mcr-3-Related Phosphoethanolamine Transferase Genes in Aeromonas Species Isolated from Aquatic Environments in Avaga and Pakro Communities in the Eastern Region of Ghana","volume":"17","author":"Mahazu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00129-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00129-17","article-title":"Moraxella Species as Potential Sources of MCR-Like Polymyxin Resistance Determinants","volume":"61","author":"Kieffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, T., Song, J., Liu, J., Huang, L., Li, Z., and Zhou, K. (2024). First report of multidrug-resistant carbapenemase-producing Aeromonas caviae co-harboring mcr-3.43 and mcr-7.2. Microbiol. Spectr., 12.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03685-23"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0162","article-title":"Abundance of Colistin-Resistance Genes in Retail Meats in Vietnam","volume":"21","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahzad, S., Willcox, M.D.P., and Rayamajhee, B. (2023). A Review of Resistance to Polymyxins and Evolving Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene (mcr) among Pathogens of Clinical Significance. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111597"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01272-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01272-17","article-title":"Chromosome-Mediated mcr-3 Variants in Aeromonas veronii from Chicken Meat","volume":"61","author":"Ling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01757-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01757-17","article-title":"New Variant of mcr-3 in an Extensively Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli Clinical Isolate Carrying mcr-1 and bla NDM-5","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.027","article-title":"Spread of MCR-3 Colistin Resistance in China: An Epidemiological, Genomic and Mechanistic Study","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02057-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02057-16","article-title":"Prevalence of Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 and Absence of mcr-2 in Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy Food-Producing Animals in Japan","volume":"61","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Hou, N., Rasooly, R., Gu, Y., and He, X. (2021). Prevalence and Genetic Analysis of Chromosomal mcr-3\/7 in Aeromonas from U.S. Animal-Derived Samples. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.667406"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.12.007","article-title":"Different threats posed by two major mobilized colistin resistance genes\u2014mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.1\u2014Revealed through comparative genomic analysis","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anyanwu, M.U., Jaja, I.F., Okpala, C.O.R., Njoga, E.O., Okafor, N.A., and Oguttu, J.W. (2023). Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Containing Organisms in Poultry Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and One Health Control Strategies. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071117"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.01.011","article-title":"Genetic environment of colistin resistance genes mcr-1 and mcr-3 in Escherichia coli from one pig farm in China","volume":"230","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00501-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00501-18","article-title":"Colocation of the Polymyxin Resistance Gene mcr-1 and a Variant of mcr-3 on a Plasmid in an Escherichia coli Isolate from a Chicken Farm","volume":"62","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00851-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00851-20","article-title":"IS Kpn40-Mediated Mobilization of the Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-3.11 in Escherichia coli","volume":"64","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Fan, J., Fu, H., Yang, Y., Luo, Q., and Wan, F. (2022). The variants of polymyxin susceptibility in different species of genus Aeromonas. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1030564"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/11\/921\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:17:56Z","timestamp":1760113076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/11\/921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13110921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13110921","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]}}}