{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:33:36Z","timestamp":1791686016224,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norberto Quirno Foundation (a non-profit organization) scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The epidemiology of bacteremia and the antibiotic resistance profile (ARP) of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) in hematological malignancies (HM) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients may differ according to geographic region. In addition, multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) may impact mortality. This is a prospective, observational, and multicenter study. The first episodes of bacteremia in adult patients with HM or HSCT were included. The risk factors for 30-day mortality were identified. One thousand two hundred and seventy-seven episodes were included (HM: 920; HSCT: 357). GNB were isolated in 60.3% of episodes, with Enterobacterales (46.9%) and P. aeruginosa (8.5%) being the most frequent. Gram-positive cocci were isolated in 41.9% of episodes, with coagulase-negative staphylococci (19.8%) and S. aureus (10.4%) being the most frequent. MDROs were isolated in 40.2% (24.4% GNB). The ARP of GNB in patients with HM vs. HSCT was cefepime: 36.8% vs. 45.7% (p = 0.026); piperacillin\u2013tazobactam: 31.05% vs. 45.2% (p &lt; 0.0001); carbapenems: 18.9% vs. 27.3% (p = 0.012); and aminoglycosides: 9.3% vs. 15.4% (p = 0.017), respectively. Overall mortality between patients with HM and HSCT was 17.5% vs. 17.6% (p = 0.951), respectively. The risk factors for mortality were relapsed and refractory underlying disease, corticosteroids use, respiratory source, septic shock, and GNB resistant to meropenem, while 7-day clinical response was a protective factor for survival. Bacteremia was frequently caused by GNB, with a large proportion of MDROs and a high level of antibiotic resistance, especially in patients with HSCT. Carbapenem-resistant GNB bacteremia was associated with a significant increase in mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13110933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T08:39:07Z","timestamp":1730104747000},"page":"933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Epidemiology of Bacteremia in Patients with Hematological Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and the Impact of Antibiotic Resistance on Mortality: Data from a Multicenter Study in Argentina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Internal Medicine Department, Centro de Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica e Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas, (CEMIC), Buenos Aires C1431, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3831-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Internal Medicine Department, Centro de Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica e Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas, (CEMIC), Buenos Aires C1431, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Laborde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Fundaci\u00f3n para Combatir la Leucemia (FUNDALEU), Buenos Aires C1114, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana","family":"Jord\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Brit\u00e1nico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1280, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Berruezo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos (HIGA) Dr. Rodolfo Rossi, La Plata B1902, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3023-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Roccia Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos (HIGA) Gral. San Mart\u00edn, La Plata B1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2413-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Ma\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2178-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Tula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital El Cruce, Buenos Aires B1888, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Laura","family":"Pereyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires B1629, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8131-0339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Nenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Municipal de Oncolog\u00eda Marie Curie, Buenos Aires C1405, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Instituto de Oncolog\u00eda \u00c1ngel H. Roffo, Buenos Aires C1417, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Benso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de San Justo, Buenos Aires C1198, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luz","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Iba\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Fundaci\u00f3n para Combatir la Leucemia (FUNDALEU), Buenos Aires C1114, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Eusebio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Brit\u00e1nico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1280, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Baldoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos (HIGA) Dr. Rodolfo Rossi, La Plata B1902, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Alicia","family":"Barc\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital El Cruce, Buenos Aires B1888, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Luck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Instituto de Oncolog\u00eda \u00c1ngel H. Roffo, Buenos Aires C1417, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5840-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Paster\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Service, INEI-ANLIS Dr. Carlos Malbr\u00e1n, Buenos Aires C1282, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Corso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Service, INEI-ANLIS Dr. Carlos Malbr\u00e1n, Buenos Aires C1282, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Rapoport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Service, INEI-ANLIS Dr. Carlos Malbr\u00e1n, Buenos Aires C1282, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Centro de Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica e Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas (CEMIC), Buenos Aires C1431, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Cristina","family":"Garc\u00eda Damiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Fundaci\u00f3n para Combatir la Leucemia (FUNDALEU), Buenos Aires C1114, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Monge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Service, Hospital Brit\u00e1nico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1280, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Laboratory, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos (HIGA) Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Rossi de La Plata, Buenos Aires B1902, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Reynaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos (HIGA), Gral. San Mart\u00edn de La Plata, Buenos Aires B1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Laboratory, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital de Alta Complejidad El Cruce, Buenos Aires B1888, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Laura","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Municipal de Oncolog\u00eda Marie Curie, Buenos Aires C1405, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Bronzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto de Oncolog\u00eda \u00c1ngel H. Roffo, Buenos Aires C1417, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Carena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Internal Medicine Department, Centro de Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica e Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas, (CEMIC), Buenos Aires C1431, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21847","article-title":"Mortality, morbidity, and cost associated with febrile neutropenia in adult cancer patients","volume":"106","author":"Kuderer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0468-1","article-title":"Bloodstream infections in patients with or without cancer in a large community hospital","volume":"41","author":"Bos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2017.14","article-title":"Bacterial bloodstream infections in the allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant patient: New considerations for a persistent nemesis","volume":"52","author":"Dandoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.07.002","article-title":"Predictors of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in neutropenic patients with bloodstream infection","volume":"26","author":"Viasus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz319","article-title":"Inappropriate Empirical Antibiotic Treatment in High-risk Neutropenic Patients with Bacteremia in the Era of Multidrug Resistance","volume":"70","author":"Gudiol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae052","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae052","article-title":"An Emergent Change in Epidemiologic and Microbiological Characteristics of Bloodstream Infections in Adults with Febrile Neutropenia Resulting from Chemotherapy for Acute Leukemia and Lymphoma at Reference Centers in Chile, Ecuador, and Peru","volume":"11","author":"Rabagliati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106806","article-title":"Bloodstream infections due to Gram-negative bacteria in patients with hematologic malignancies: Updated epidemiology and risk factors for multidrug-resistant strains in an Italian perspective survey","volume":"61","author":"Trecarichi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix646","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative Rods Causing Bacteremia in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: Intercontinental Prospective Study of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Bone Marrow Transplantation Group","volume":"65","author":"Averbuch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Vargas, S.A., Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz, L., Cuervo-Maldonado, S.I., \u00c1lvarez-Moreno, C.A., Saavedra-Trujillo, C.H., \u00c1lvarez-Rodr\u00edguez, J.C., Arango-Guti\u00e9rrez, A., G\u00f3mez-Rinc\u00f3n, J.C., Garc\u00eda-Guzman, K., and Leal, A.L. (2023). Molecular and Clinical Data of Antimicrobial Resistance in Microorganisms Producing Bacteremia in a Multicentric Cohort of Patients with Cancer in a Latin American Country. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020359"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amanati, A., Sajedianfard, S., Khajeh, S., Ghasempour, S., Mehrangiz, S., Nematolahi, S., and Shahhosein, Z. (2021). Bloodstream infections in adult patients with malignancy, epidemiology, microbiology, and risk factors associated with mortality and multi-drug resistance. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06243-z"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paprocka, P., Durna\u015b, B., Ma\u0144kowska, A., Kr\u00f3l, G., Wollny, T., and Bucki, R. (2022). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in Cancer Patients. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060679"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24489","article-title":"Bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in onco-hematological patients: Clinical impact of carbapenem resistance in a multicentre prospective survey","volume":"91","author":"Trecarichi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chumbita, M., Puerta-Alcalde, P., Y\u00e1\u00f1ez, L., Angeles Cuesta, M., Chinea, A., Espa\u00f1ol-Morales, I., Fernandez-Abell\u00e1n, P., Gudiol, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Sierra, P., and Rojas, R. (2023). High Rate of Inappropriate Antibiotics in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia following International Guideline Recommendations. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00674-23"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, K.H., Jung, Y.J., Lee, H.J., Kim, H.J., Maeng, C.H., Baek, S.K., Han, J.J., Jeon, W., Kim, D.Y., and Lee, Y.M. (2024). Impact of multidrug resistance on outcomes in hematologic cancer patients with bacterial bloodstream infections. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66524-w"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrera, F., Torres, D., Laborde, A., Berruezo, L., Jord\u00e1n, R., Rossi, I.R., Valledor, A., Costantini, P., Dictar, M., and Nenna, A. (2023). Development of a Clinical Score to Stratify the Risk for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Bacteremia in Patients with Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020226"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feretzakis, G., Loupelis, E., Sakagianni, A., Kalles, D., Martsoukou, M., Lada, M., Skarmoutsou, N., Christopoulos, C., Valakis, K., and Velentza, A. (2020). Using Machine Learning Techniques to Aid Empirical Antibiotic Therapy Decisions in the Intensive Care Unit of a General Hospital in Greece. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020050"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir073","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"52","author":"Freifeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.091025","article-title":"ECIL4, a joint venture of EBMT, EORTC, ICHS, ESGICH\/ESCMID and ELN. European guidelines for empirical antibacterial therapy for febrile neutropenic patients in the era of growing resistance: Summary of the 2011 4th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia","volume":"98","author":"Averbuch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.091330","article-title":"ECIL4, a joint venture of EBMT, EORTC, ICHS, ESGICH\/ESCMID and ELN. Targeted therapy against multi-resistant bacteria in leukemic and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Guidelines of the 4th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-4, 2011)","volume":"98","author":"Averbuch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-10-200211190-00007","article-title":"Health care-associated bloodstream infections in adults: A reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections","volume":"137","author":"Friedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.002","article-title":"CDC\/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting","volume":"36","author":"Horan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis998","article-title":"Neutropenic enterocolitis, a growing concern in the era of widespread use of aggressive chemotherapy","volume":"56","author":"Nesher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.12163","article-title":"Effect of Piperacillin-Tazobactam vs Meropenem on 30-Day Mortality for Patients with E coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae Bloodstream Infection and Ceftriaxone Resistance: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"320","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu612","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections in patients with cancer","volume":"59","author":"Perez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2024, September 06). Protocolos de PCR-Multiplex Para Gram Negativos. Available online: http:\/\/antimicrobianos.com.ar\/2023\/06\/protocolo-de-pcr-para-la-deteccion-del-gen-ctx-m\/."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac240","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac240","article-title":"Bloodstream Infections in Hematologic Malignancy Patients with Fever and Neutropenia: Are Empirical Antibiotic Therapies in the United States Still Effective?","volume":"9","author":"Zimmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergas, A., Albasanz-Puig, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Cruz, A., Machado, M., Novo, A., van Duin, D., Garcia-Vidal, C., Hakki, M., Ruiz-Camps, I., and Del Pozo, J.L. (2022). Real-Life Use of Ceftolozane\/Tazobactam for the Treatment of Bloodstream Infection Due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Neutropenic Hematologic Patients: A Matched Control Study (ZENITH Study). Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02292-21"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrera, F., Torres, D., Laborde, A., Jord\u00e1n, R., Ma\u00f1ez, N., Berruezo, L., Lambert, S., Suchowiercha, N., Costantini, P., and Nenna, A. (2024). Ceftazidime-Avibactam Improves Outcomes in High-Risk Neutropenic Patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales Bacteremia. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010195"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakagianni, A., Koufopoulou, C., Feretzakis, G., Kalles, D., Verykios, V.S., Myrianthefs, P., and Fildisis, G. (2023). Using Machine Learning to Predict Antimicrobial Resistance\u2014A Literature Review. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030452"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-024-02089-5","article-title":"From Data to Decisions: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance\u2014A Comprehensive Review","volume":"48","author":"Wardell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Q., Ding, S., Chen, J., Chen, X., Xu, Y., Xu, Z., and Huang, M. (2024). Prediction of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infection in intensive care unit based on machine learning. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02504-4"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00438-2","article-title":"ID-INNOVATION study group. Machine Learning to Assess the Risk of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli Infections in Febrile Neutropenic Hematological Patients","volume":"10","author":"Cardozo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tumbarello, M., Trecarichi, E.M., Caira, M., Candoni, A., Pastore, D., Cattaneo, C., Fanci, R., Nosari, A., Spadea, A., and Busca, A. (2012). Derivation and validation of a scoring system to identify patients with bacteremia and hematological malignancies at higher risk for mortality. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051612"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2899-6","article-title":"Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection in critically ill patients: Risk factors and predictors of mortality","volume":"36","author":"Fligou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004521","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00045-21","article-title":"Impact of the Inclusion of an Aminoglycoside to the Initial Empirical Antibiotic Therapy for Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections in Hematological Neutropenic Patients: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study (AMINOLACTAM Study)","volume":"65","author":"Gudiol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0174421","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01744-21","article-title":"Impact of Empirical Antibiotic Regimens on Mortality in Neutropenic Patients with Bloodstream Infection Presenting with Septic Shock","volume":"66","author":"Chumbita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.009","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological characteristics of bloodstream infections among patients with haematological malignancies with and without neutropenia at a medical centre in northern Taiwan, 2008\u20132013","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/11\/933\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:21:02Z","timestamp":1760113262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/11\/933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13110933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13110933","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]}}}