{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:55Z","timestamp":1760146615207,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","award":["20K10285","23K09472","21K10245","19K10456","23K09518","22K09954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10285","23K09472","21K10245","19K10456","23K09518","22K09954"]}]},{"name":"SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.","award":["20K10285","23K09472","21K10245","19K10456","23K09518","22K09954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10285","23K09472","21K10245","19K10456","23K09518","22K09954"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a key pathogen implicated in periodontal disease, contributes to oral biofilm maturation and is linked to development of systemic diseases like colorectal cancer and liver cirrhosis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) treatment (ALA-PDT) selectively targets F. nucleatum by inducing porphyrin accumulation. The bactericidal effect of red light-based PDT on F. nucleatum has not been evaluated previously. This study investigates the effect of ALA-PDT using red light-emitting diode (LED) light on F. nucleatum subspecies and their porphyrin accumulation. F. nucleatum subspecies were cultured with varying concentrations of 5-ALA under anaerobic conditions. Porphyrin accumulation was measured via fluorescence spectroscopy, and colony-forming units were measured to determine bacterial viability post-treatment. Additionally, other subspecies responded well to 0.01% 5-ALA, and uroporphyrin I accumulation correlated with bacterial death, revealing optimal bactericidal conditions. These results suggest that optimizing light intensity and 5-ALA concentration can significantly enhance the therapeutic potential of ALA-PDT in oral healthcare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13111016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T07:51:15Z","timestamp":1732002675000},"page":"1016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimizing Red Light-Based Photodynamic Therapy for Effective Bactericidal Action Against Fusobacterium nucleatum Subspecies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jianglan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Dentistry (Bacteriology), Osaka Dental University, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0474-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Nambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Takigawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiho","family":"Mashimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshinori","family":"Okinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata 573-1121, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2337","article-title":"Periodontitis: A Polymicrobial Disruption of Host Homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Darveau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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