{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:56:26Z","timestamp":1777712186940,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence of Leptospira in mammals is an indicator for assessing potential health risks, particularly in tropical regions. Understanding their hosts\u2019 habitat characteristics and spatial occurrence is essential to surveil them. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the peridomiciles associated with the spatial occurrence of Leptospira hosts. We inventoried the characteristics of the peridomiciles. Blood serum was gathered from dogs, opossums, and rodents for a microagglutination essay to detect exposure to several serogroups of Leptospira. A generalized linear model with binomial distribution helped estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals between a seropositive animal\u2019s occurrence and the peridomiciles\u2019 characteristics. For estimates with the occurrence of one or more seropositive animals, a multinomial model was fitted. The seroprevalence in rodents was 81.8%; in opossums 31.2%; and 56.5% for dogs. The most frequent serogroup in dogs and rodents was Canicola. In opossums, the seroreaction was against Tarassovi, Ballum, Sejroe, and Cynopteri. The results showed that the peridomicile area (m2), the geographic polygon, and the accumulation of plastic containers (PET) were characteristics related to the occurrence of seropositive animals. The results revealed that the peridomicile\u2019s characteristics and spatial distribution in the locality help explain the occurrence of Leptospira hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T03:59:01Z","timestamp":1732507141000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Relationship Between the Spatial Occurrence of Leptospira Exposed Animals and the Characteristics of the Peridomiciles They Inhabit in a Locality of Southeastern Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Galaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Zoonosis y otras Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales \u201cDr. Hideyo Noguchi\u201d, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9rida 97000, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9526-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Reyes-Novelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Zoonosis y otras Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales \u201cDr. Hideyo Noguchi\u201d, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9rida 97000, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anabel","family":"Cruz-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Carretera Veracruz, Xalapa 91697, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5740-962X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ramos-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Carretera Veracruz, Xalapa 91697, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Alonso","family":"Panti-May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Zoonosis y otras Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales \u201cDr. Hideyo Noguchi\u201d, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9rida 97000, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Ruiz-Pi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Zoonosis y otras Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales \u201cDr. Hideyo Noguchi\u201d, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9rida 97000, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6316-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sokani","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Regi\u00f3n Poza Rica-Tuxpan, Tuxpan de Rodr\u00edguez Cano 92870, Veracruz, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8295-0100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Torres-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Zoonosis y otras Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales \u201cDr. Hideyo Noguchi\u201d, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9rida 97000, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira: The dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwachui, M.A., Crump, L., Hartskeerl, R., Zinsstag, J., and Hattendorf, J. (2015). Environmental and behavioural determinants of Leptospirosis transmission: A Systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003843"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.11.068","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of pathogenic Leptospira in surface waters from the urban slum environment","volume":"130","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003480","article-title":"Leptospira yasudae sp. nov. and Leptospira stimsonii sp. nov., two new species of the pathogenic group isolated from environmental sources","volume":"70","author":"Hamond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, L.G.V., Stone, N.E., Roe, C.C., Goris, M.G.A., van der Linden, H., Sahl, J.W., Wagner, D.M., and Nally, J.E. (2022). Leptospira sanjuanensis sp. nov., a pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira isolated from soil in Puerto Rico. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 72.","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005560"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104241","article-title":"Leptospira spp., a genus in the stage of diversity and genomic data expansion","volume":"81","author":"Caimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, F., Hagan, J.E., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Torgerson, P., Martinez-Silveira, M.S., Stein, C., Abela-Ridder, B., and Ko, A.I. (2015). Global morbidity and mortality of Leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2023.126","article-title":"Prevalence of human leptospirosis in the Americas: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Browne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"421","article-title":"Comportamiento epidemiol\u00f3gico de la leptospirosis en M\u00e9xico durante el periodo 2013\u20132010","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2024, August 08). Bolet\u00edn Epidemiol\u00f3gico Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica Sistema \u00danico de Informaci\u00f3n 2023. Secretar\u00eda de Salud. Direcci\u00f3n General de Epidemiolog\u00eda. Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/salud\/documentos\/boletinepidemiologico-sistema-nacional-de-vigilancia-epidemiologica-sistema-unico-de-informacion-261547."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652002000600008","article-title":"Clinical-epidemiological study of leptospirosis in humans and reservoirs in Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"44","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"213","article-title":"First molecular evidence of Leptospira spp. in synanthropic rodents captured in Yucatan, Mexico","volume":"165","author":"Puerto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9d V\u00e9t"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v38i3.3938","article-title":"Detecci\u00f3n molecular de leptospiras pat\u00f3genas en roedores sinantr\u00f3picos y silvestres capturados en Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"38","author":"Medina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001352","article-title":"A survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by house mouse and black rat populations in Yucatan, Mexico","volume":"145","author":"Dumonteil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107072","article-title":"Study on the relation of the characteristics of the capture sites with the Leptospira spp. occurrence in bats and rodents from Yucatan, Mexico","volume":"249","author":"Estrella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1815","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.1815","article-title":"Leptospira pat\u00f3genas en murci\u00e9lagos de Campeche y Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"25","author":"Estrella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"6","article-title":"Detecci\u00f3n de Leptospira spp. en murci\u00e9lagos de la pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"33","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Cient. Fac. Vet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652002000400011","article-title":"Isolation of Salmonella enterica and serologic reactivity to Leptospira interrogans in opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"44","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.32776\/revbiomed.v32i3.889","article-title":"Evidencia de Leptospira spp. en musara\u00f1as Cryptotis mayensis. Nuevo hospedero en Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"32","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Biomedica"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.12.011","article-title":"Serological survey of canine leptospirosis in the tropics of Yucatan Mexico using two different tests","volume":"106","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.55","article-title":"Serological survey of Leptospira interrogans, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi in free roaming domestic dogs and cats from a marginated rural area of Yucatan Mexico","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2098","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.2098","article-title":"Evidencia de Leptospira spp. en sangre de perros de una comunidad rural de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"254","article-title":"La leptospirosis en Yucat\u00e1n. Estudio serol\u00f3gico en humanos y animales","volume":"26","year":"1984","journal-title":"Salud Publica M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2007000900017","article-title":"Situaci\u00f3n de la leptospirosis en el Urab\u00e1 antioque\u00f1o colombiano: Estudio seroepidemiol\u00f3gico y factores de riesgo en poblaci\u00f3n general urbana","volume":"23","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, R.B., Ribeiro, G.S., Felzemburgh, R.D., Santana, F.S., Mohr, S., Melendez, A.X., Queiroz, A., Santos, A.C., Ravines, R.R., and Tassinari, W.S. (2008). Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000228"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000100002","article-title":"Presence of triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and risk of transmission of Chagas disease in Colima, Mexico","volume":"97","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"011","article-title":"El peridomicilio y las zoonosis en Yucat\u00e1n. Hacia la b\u00fasqueda de Una Salud","volume":"25","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e32120","article-title":"Frecuencia de Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato y Leptospira spp. en peque\u00f1os roedores de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"32","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cient. Fac. Vet."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"359","article-title":"El huerto familiar yucateco y las zoonosis","volume":"Volume 1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Huertos Familiares de la Pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda (2024, August 08). Compendio de Informaci\u00f3n Geogr\u00e1fica Municipal 2010. Uc\u00fa. Yucat\u00e1n. Available online: https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/app\/mexicocifras\/datos_geograficos\/31\/31100.pdf#page=2.09."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda (2024, August 08). Espacio y Datos de M\u00e9xico. Available online: https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/app\/mapa\/espacioydatos\/default.aspx?ag=311000001."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2011.10.006","article-title":"Abundance and population parameters of commensal rodents present in rural households in Yucatan, Mexico","volume":"66","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"A population study of the house mouse, Mus. musculus (Rodentia: Muridae), in a rural community of M\u00e9rida, M\u00e9xico","volume":"46","year":"2018","journal-title":"Caribb. Nat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrusfield, M. (2018). Veterinary Epidemiology. Presenting Numerical Data, Blackwell Science. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118280249"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"59","article-title":"T\u00e9cnicas para la recolecci\u00f3n de ara\u00f1as y otros ar\u00e1cnidos en ambientes antr\u00f3picos","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Zuria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manual de T\u00e9cnicas Para el Estudio de Fauna Nativa en Ambientes Urbanos"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"173","article-title":"T\u00e9cnicas de manejo de hospederos y colecta de par\u00e1sitos de vertebrados urbanos","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Zuria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manual de T\u00e9cnicas Para el Estudio de Fauna Nativa en Ambientes Urbanos"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2024, August 09). AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition*. Available online: https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-02\/Guidelines-on-Euthanasia-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Barrera-Tolosa, M.S. (2020). Elaboraci\u00f3n de un Manual de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Para la Especie Didelphis Marsupialis Alojados en el CAV-CEARFS de la CDMB. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia]."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (2024, August 09). Manual of Diagnosis Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, Thirteenth Edition 2024. Chapter 3.1.12. Leptospirosis. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.01.12_LEPTO.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Donald, D.M. (1983). Manual de M\u00e9todos Para el Diagn\u00f3stico de Laboratorio de la Leptospirosis, Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud, Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4067\/S0301-732X2014000100011","article-title":"Estudio serol\u00f3gico de la tripanosomiasis americana y factores asociados en perros de una comunidad rural de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"46","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000300015","article-title":"Chicken coops, Triatoma dimidiata infestation and its infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural village of Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico","volume":"57","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12714","article-title":"Personal and household factors involved in recent Rickettsia exposure in a rural population from Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico","volume":"67","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105832","article-title":"Urban ecology of hosts and vectors of Rickettsia in a rickettsiosis-endemic city of the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico","volume":"216","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.01.003","article-title":"Biostatistics for parasitologists\u2014A primer to Quantitative Parasitology","volume":"35","author":"Reiczigel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Posit Team RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Posit Software, PBC. Available online: https:\/\/posit.co\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"R Core Team (2013). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Fox, J., and Weisberg, S. (2019). An R Companion to Applied Regression, Sage. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Ferreira, E.B., Cavalcanti, P.P., and Nogueira, D.A. (2024, August 09). ExpDes: Pacote Experimental Designs, Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ExpDes\/ExpDes.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Gross, J., and Ligges, U. (2024, August 09). Tests for Normality. Package \u2018nortest\u2019. Version 1.0-4. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/nortest\/nortest.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Russell, L. (2024, August 09). Least-Squares Means. Package \u2018lsmeans\u2019. Version 2.30-0. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/lsmeans\/lsmeans.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Lenth, R.V., Bolker, B., Buerkner, P., Gin\u00e9-V\u00e1zquez, I., Herve, M., Jung, M., Love, J., Miguez, F., Piaskowski, J., and Riebl, H. (2024, August 09). Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. Package \u2018emmeans\u2019. Version 1.10.4. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/emmeans\/emmeans.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"De Rosario-Mart\u00ednez, H., Fox, J., R Core Team, and Phil, C. (2024, August 10). Post-Hoc Interaction Analysis. Package \u2018Phia\u2019. Version 0.3-1. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/phia\/phia.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Chang, W., Henry, L., Pedersen, T.L., Takahashi, K., Wilke, C., Woo, K., Yutani, H., Dunnington, D., and van den Brand, T. (2024, August 10). PBC, Posit. ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics. Version 3.5.1. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ggplot2\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Ripley, B., and Venables, W. (2024, August 10). Feed-Forward Neural Networks and Multinomial Log-Linear Models. Package \u2018nnet\u2019. Version 7.3-19. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/nnet\/nnet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2024, August 10). reshape2: Flexibly Reshape Data: A Reboot of the Reshape Package. Package \u2018reshape2\u2019. Version 1.4.4. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/reshape2\/reshape2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., EISPACK Authors, Heisterkamp, S., Van Willigen, B., Ranke, J., and R Core Team (2024, August 10). Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. Package \u2018nlme\u2019. Version 3.1-166. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/nlme\/nlme.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Ripley, B., Venables, B., Bates, D.M., Hornik, K., Gebhardt, A., and Firth, D. (2024, August 10). Support Functions and Datasets for Venables and Ripley\u2019s MASS. Version 7.3-61. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/MASS\/MASS.pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Fox, J., Marquez, M., Muenchen, R., and Putler, D. (2024, August 10). R Commander Miscellaneous Functions. Package \u2018RcmdrMisc\u2019. Version 2.9-1. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/RcmdrMisc\/RcmdrMisc.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Lopez, M., Lurier, T., Bouilloud, M., Pradel, J., Tatard, C., Sepulveda, D., Anfray, G., Dussert, J., Bourhy, P., and Charbonnel, N. (2024). Prevalence, genetic diversity and eco-epidemiology of pathogenic Leptospira species in small mammal communities in urban parks Lyon city, France. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300523"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","article-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","volume":"140","author":"Adler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"25","article-title":"Pesquisa serol\u00f3gica de Leptospira en roedores silvestres, bovinos, equinos y caninos en el noreste de M\u00e9xico","volume":"35","author":"Benavides","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Salud Anim."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.11.019","article-title":"Leptospira reservoirs among wildlife in Brazil: Beyond rodents","volume":"178","author":"Fornazari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2016.110381","article-title":"Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leptospira spp. antibodies in opossums (Didelphis spp.) in S\u00e3o","volume":"53","author":"Horta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.07.009","article-title":"Leptospira borgpetersenii from free-living white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris): First isolation in Brazil","volume":"124","author":"Jorge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medeiros, L.D.S., Braga-Domingos, S.C., Azevedo, M.I.N.D., Peruquetti, R.C., de Albuquerque, N.F., D\u2019Andrea, P.S., Botelho, A.L.M., Cris\u00f3stomo, C.F., Vieira, A.S., and Martins, G. (2020). Small mammals as carriers\/hosts of Leptospira spp. in the western Amazon forest. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.569004"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, J.J., de Lima-Peixoto, A., de Farias, A.S.S., Junior-Pinheiro, T., da Costa, D.F., Silva, M.L.C.R., J\u00fanior, J.P.A., Malossi, C.D., Ullmann, L.S., and de Azevedo, S.S. (2020). Didelphis albiventris as a carrier of Leptospira sp. in the central nervous tissue in the semiarid region of Northeast, Brazil. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 73.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101560"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13135","article-title":"Pathogenic Leptospira species are widely disseminated among small mammals in Atlantic Forest biome","volume":"66","author":"Vieira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"215","article-title":"El \u201czorro\u201d de Yucat\u00e1n y su relaci\u00f3n con la poblaci\u00f3n humana","volume":"Volume 1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Estudios Multidisciplinarios de Las Enfermedades Zoon\u00f3ticas y ETVs en Yucat\u00e1n"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1428.088","article-title":"Frequency and type of renal lesions in dogs naturally infected with Leptospira species","volume":"1149","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"185","article-title":"Seropositivity to leptospirosis in domestic reservoirs and detection of Leptospira spp. from water sources, in farms of Yucatan, Mexico","volume":"14","author":"Correa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"34","article-title":"Detection of reactive canines to Leptospira in Campeche City, Mexico","volume":"45","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Argent Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"6","article-title":"Seroprevalencia de Leptospira en perros ferales de la Reserva Ecol\u00f3gica del Pedregal de San \u00c1ngel, M\u00e9xico","volume":"34","author":"Becker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Cient. Fac. Vet."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0170","article-title":"Stray dogs as reservoirs of the zoonotic agents Leptospira interrogans, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Aspergillus spp. in an urban area of Chiapas in southern Mexico","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.07.008","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis","volume":"40","author":"Goldstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12328","article-title":"European consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs and cats","volume":"56","author":"Schuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balboni, A., Mazzotta, E., Boniotti, M.B., Bertasio, C., Bellinati, L., Lucchese, L., Battilani, M., Ceglie, L., Marchione, S., and Esposito, G. (2022). Outbreak of Leptospira borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe infection in kennel: The role of dogs as sentinel in specific environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073906"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"99","article-title":"Animal leptospirosis","volume":"387","author":"Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16903","article-title":"Updated ACVIM consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Sykes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.4103\/apjtm.apjtm_931_23","article-title":"Socio-environmental factors associated with small mammal assemblage and Leptospira prevalence in Suburban Areas of Terengganu, Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Zamri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1","article-title":"Importancia econ\u00f3mica y social de la agrodiversidad del traspatio en una comunidad rural de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Soc. Desarro."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"183","article-title":"Mam\u00edferos sinantr\u00f3picos y la transmisi\u00f3n de enfermedades zoon\u00f3ticas en el \u00e1rea rural de Yucat\u00e1n","volume":"Volume 1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Huertos Familiares de la Pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"27","article-title":"Importancia cultural de la fauna silvestre en comunidades rurales del norte de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"14","author":"Naranjo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Peninsula"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.19130\/iifl.ecm.57.2021.18660","article-title":"Conocimiento y aprovechamiento tradicional de vertebrados silvestres en la comunidad maya de Zavala, municipio de Sotuta, Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"57","year":"2021","journal-title":"Estud. Cult. Maya"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1089\/153036603322662174","article-title":"A serosurvey of leptospirosis in Connecticut peridomestic wildlife","volume":"3","author":"Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helman, S.K., Tokuyama, A.F.N., Mummah, R.O., Stone, N.E., Gamble, M.W., Snedden, C.E., Borremans, B., Gomez, A.C.R., Cox, C., and Nussbaum, J. (2023). Pathogenic Leptospira are widespread in the urban wildlife of southern California. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40322-2"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002903","article-title":"Environmental factors and public health policy associated with human and rodent infection by leptospirosis: A land cover-based study in Nan province, Thailand","volume":"144","author":"Tantrakarnapa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12489","article-title":"Ecosystem change and zoonoses in the Anthropocene","volume":"65","author":"McMahon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, E., Bourhy, P., Picardeau, M., Moulin, L., and Wurtzer, S. (2021). Effect of disinfection agents and quantification of potentially viable Leptospira in freshwater samples using a highly sensitive integrity-qPCR assay. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251901"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"821","article-title":"El problema de la basura en el interior del estado de Yucat\u00e1n","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reaxion"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"97","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n de variables socioecon\u00f3micas y culturales con la prevalencia de enfermedades zoon\u00f3ticas y ETVs en Molas","volume":"Volume 1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Huertos Familiares de la Pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/12\/1037\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:38:34Z","timestamp":1760114314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/12\/1037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13121037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13121037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]}}}