{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T18:41:10Z","timestamp":1772044870000,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ESTHER Alliance for Global Health Partnerships","award":["01KA1102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KA1102"]}]},{"name":"ESTHER Alliance for Global Health Partnerships","award":["36K2-S-45 1922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["36K2-S-45 1922"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01KA1102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KA1102"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["36K2-S-45 1922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["36K2-S-45 1922"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Defense","award":["01KA1102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KA1102"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Defense","award":["36K2-S-45 1922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["36K2-S-45 1922"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the etiological relevance of the detection of microsporidia in human stool samples remains uncertain, the immunological status of patients has been posited as an important determinant of potential clinical impact of these parasites. To further assess the interplay between the epidemiology of microsporidia and immunological markers, we conducted a study utilizing real-time PCR targeting Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, combined in a single fluorescence channel. The study involved a cohort of 595 clinically and immunologically well-characterized Ghanaian HIV patients, alongside 82 HIV-negative control individuals from Ghana. While microsporidial DNA was absent in HIV-negative controls, among people living with HIV, its prevalence was inversely correlated with CD4+ lymphocyte counts: 6.0% in those with &gt;500 cells\/\u00b5L, 9.5% in those with 200\u2013499 cells\/\u00b5L, 13.8% in those with 50\u2013199 cells\/\u00b5L, and 27.5% in those with &lt;50 cells\/\u00b5L, respectively. Correspondingly, microsporidia were more frequently detected in HIV patients who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy. There were no associations with clinical symptoms including gastroenteritis with the exception of a non-significant trend towards weight loss. HLA-DR+CD38+ on CD4+ T lymphocytes, a marker of immune activation, as well as Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, were increased on CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV patients with microsporidia, suggesting an immune response may be triggered. In conclusion, our assessment indicates a higher prevalence of microsporidia in the stool of Ghanaian HIV patients, which varies with their immunological status. However, given the lack of clear associations with clinical symptoms, the detection of microsporidia in the stool of HIV patients needs to be cautiously interpreted in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T03:50:57Z","timestamp":1733111457000},"page":"1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of Molecular Detections of Microsporidia in Stool Samples with Clinical and Immunological Parameters in Ghanaian HIV Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hagen","family":"Frickmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 22049 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred Stephen","family":"Sarfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"},{"name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-5972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betty Roberta","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"},{"name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Dompreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shadrack Osei","family":"Asibey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3599-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmund Osei","family":"Kuffour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Tanida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1604-8386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Di Cristanziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6755-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten","family":"Feldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1002-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten Alexandra","family":"Eberhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60127-X","article-title":"Microsporidiosis: Molecular and diagnostic aspects","volume":"40","author":"Weiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seatamanoch, N., Kongdachalert, S., Sunantaraporn, S., Siriyasatien, P., and Brownell, N. (2022). Microsporidia, a Highly Adaptive Organism and Its Host Expansion to Humans. Front. Cell. Infect. 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