{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T08:03:15Z","timestamp":1770710595933,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Manitoba\u2019s Clinical Investigator Program","award":["75328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75328"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba\u2019s Clinical Investigator Program","award":["194076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["194076"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba\u2019s Clinical Investigator Program","award":["G0AEZ24N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0AEZ24N"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["75328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75328"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["194076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["194076"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["G0AEZ24N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0AEZ24N"]}]},{"name":"Flanders-Qu\u00e9bec bilateral research cooperation grant","award":["75328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75328"]}]},{"name":"Flanders-Qu\u00e9bec bilateral research cooperation grant","award":["194076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["194076"]}]},{"name":"Flanders-Qu\u00e9bec bilateral research cooperation grant","award":["G0AEZ24N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0AEZ24N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) and Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec (FRQ)","award":["75328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75328"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) and Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec (FRQ)","award":["194076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["194076"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) and Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec (FRQ)","award":["G0AEZ24N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0AEZ24N"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Sant\u00e9 (FRQS)","award":["75328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75328"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Sant\u00e9 (FRQS)","award":["194076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["194076"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Sant\u00e9 (FRQS)","award":["G0AEZ24N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0AEZ24N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:Bartonella quintana is a body-louse-borne bacterium. Canadian B. quintana disease has been reported primarily in populations experiencing homelessness and in Indigenous communities with limited access to water. We sought to understand the epidemiology of B. quintana in Canada. Methods: This study combined an analysis of laboratory data from Canada\u2019s National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) with a systematic review of the literature. Laboratory data included quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) cycle threshold values and indirect immunofluorescent antibody titers with the year and province of the sample acquisition. For the systematic review, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science for articles published before 15 July 2024, with terms related to B. quintana in Canada. Results: Thirty-three individuals with qPCR-positive B. quintana were documented in seven provinces and one territory. The number of cases increased over time (p-value = 0.005), with the greatest number of cases being reported in 2022 and 2023. The percent positivity for the B. quintana qPCR performed at the NML increased over time (p-value = 0.036). The median immunoglobulin G titer demonstrated a sustained increase starting in 2017. The systematic review identified fourteen individuals with qPCR-positive B. quintana (none had a qPCR performed at the NML) and seven probable cases of B. quintana disease. Four of these twenty-one individuals from the systematic review died (19%). All fatalities were attributed to endocarditis. Conclusions: The detection of B. quintana disease in seven provinces and one territory suggests that B. quintana has a national distribution. B. quintana disease is increasingly diagnosed in Canada, indicating ongoing transmission across geographic settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T03:44:47Z","timestamp":1733456687000},"page":"1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bartonella quintana Infection in Canada: A Retrospective Laboratory Study and Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6894-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"Boodman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada"},{"name":"Unit of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie R.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Dibernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5024-9603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"Loomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4948-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoav","family":"Keynan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric P.","family":"Yansouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"JD MacLean Centre for Tropical and Geographic Medicine, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3A 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitin","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Coatsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050874","article-title":"Bartonella Quintana Characteristics and Clinical Management","volume":"12","author":"Foucault","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. 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