{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:06:44Z","timestamp":1791331604862,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Mexicana de Cooperaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo (AMEXCID) [Mexican Agency for Cooperation and Development]","award":["AMEXCID 2020\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AMEXCID 2020\/7"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro","award":["AMEXCID 2020\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AMEXCID 2020\/7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 (Betacoronavirus pandemicum) is responsible for the disease identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as COVID-19. We designed \u201cCHIVAX 2.1\u201d, a multi-epitope vaccine, containing ten immunogenic peptides with conserved B-cell and T-cell epitopes in the receceptor binding domain (RBD) sequences of different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs). We evaluated the immune response of mice immunized with 20 or 60 \u00b5g of the chimeric protein with two different alum adjuvants (Alhydrogel\u00ae and Adju-Phos\u00ae), plus PHAD\u00ae, in a two-immunization regimen (0 and 21 days). Serum samples were collected on days 0, 21, 31, and 72 post first immunization, with antibody titers determined by indirect ELISA, while lymphoproliferation assays and cytokine production were evaluated by flow cytometry. The presence of neutralizing antibodies was assessed by surrogate neutralization assays. Higher titers of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies, as well as increased proliferation rates of specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, were observed in mice immunized with 60 \u03bcg of protein plus Adju-Phos\u00ae\/PHAD\u00ae. This formulation also generated the highest levels of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3, in addition to the presence of neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron VoC. These findings indicate the potential of this chimeric multi-epitope vaccine with combined adjuvants as a promising platform against viral infections, eliciting a TH1 or TH1:TH2 balanced cell response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T06:16:14Z","timestamp":1733724974000},"page":"1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Evaluation of the Cellular and Humoral Response of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19 with Different Alum Adjuvants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6672-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lineth Juliana","family":"Vega Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas (CONAHCYT), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Alcald\u00eda Benito Ju\u00e1rez, Cr\u00e9dito Constructor, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8507-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo Alejandra","family":"Ru\u00edz-Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Andr\u00e9s","family":"Velasco-Elizondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Antonieta","family":"Carbajo-Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda UNAM, Laboratorio Universitario del Bioterio, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Josimar","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Rocha-Solache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5131-3600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Martha","family":"P\u00e9rez-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76176, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Zald\u00edvar-Lelo de Larrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76176, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8793-9963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Av. de las Ciencias s\/n, Juriquilla, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Mosqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0089-x","article-title":"Optimizing the Utilization of Aluminum Adjuvants in Vaccines: You Might Just Get What You Want","volume":"3","author":"HogenEsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1604231","article-title":"Selection of Adjuvants for Vaccines Targeting Specific Pathogens","volume":"18","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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