{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:15:23Z","timestamp":1784808923206,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]],"date-time":"2024-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, CiDER","award":["JM00000160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JM00000160"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon in which antibodies enhance subsequent viral infections rather than preventing them. Sub-optimal levels of neutralizing antibodies in individuals infected with dengue virus are known to be associated with severe disease upon reinfection with a different dengue virus serotype. For Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type-2 infection, three types of ADE have been proposed: (1) Fc receptor-dependent ADE of infection in cells expressing Fc receptors, such as macrophages by anti-spike antibodies, (2) Fc receptor-independent ADE of infection in epithelial cells by anti-spike antibodies, and (3) Fc receptor-dependent ADE of cytokine production in cells expressing Fc receptors, such as macrophages by anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. This review focuses on the Fc receptor-dependent ADE of cytokine production induced by anti-nucleocapsid antibodies, examining its potential role in severe COVID-19 during reinfection and its contribution to the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, i.e., prolonged symptoms lasting at least three months after the acute phase of the disease. We also discuss the protective effects of recently identified anti-spike antibodies that neutralize Omicron variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T04:14:52Z","timestamp":1734322492000},"page":"1109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Detrimental Effects of Anti-Nucleocapsid Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Reinfection, and the Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0477-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi E.","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-8331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Shioda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.12.033","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 requiring oxygen therapy, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death in Japan: A multicenter case-control study (MOTIVATE study)","volume":"42","author":"Arashiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00801-5","article-title":"Protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against the omicron variant and severe disease: A systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"23","author":"Bobrovitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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