{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:42:40Z","timestamp":1787139760322,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","award":["2022MS03023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022MS03023"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","award":["YF20240007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YF20240007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","award":["YLXKZX-NND-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLXKZX-NND-012"]}]},{"name":"Ordos Science &amp; Technology Plan","award":["2022MS03023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022MS03023"]}]},{"name":"Ordos Science &amp; Technology Plan","award":["YF20240007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YF20240007"]}]},{"name":"Ordos Science &amp; Technology Plan","award":["YLXKZX-NND-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLXKZX-NND-012"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Department of Education","award":["2022MS03023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022MS03023"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Department of Education","award":["YF20240007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YF20240007"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Department of Education","award":["YLXKZX-NND-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLXKZX-NND-012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paratuberculosis (PTB), primarily caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic infection that affects ruminants and is difficult to prevent, diagnose, and treat. Investigating how MAP infections affect the gut microbiota in sheep can aid in the prevention and treatment of ovine PTB. This study examined fecal samples from eight small-tail Han sheep (STHS) at various stages of infection and from three different field areas. All samples underwent DNA extraction and 16S rRNA sequencing. Among all samples, the phyla p. Firmicutes and p. Bacteroidota exhibited the highest relative abundance. The dominant genera in groups M1\u2013M6 were UCG-005, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Akkermansia, UCG-005, and Bacteroides, whereas those in groups A\u2013C were Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Escherichia\u2013Shigella, and Acinetobacter, respectively. The microbial community structure varied significantly among groups M1\u2013M6. Specifically, 56 microbiota consortia with different taxonomic levels, including the order Clostridiales, were significantly enriched in groups M1\u2013M6, whereas 96 microbiota consortia at different taxonomic levels, including the family Oscillospiraceae, were significantly enriched in groups A\u2013C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that MAP infection alters the intestinal microbiota of STHS. Changes in p. Firmicutes abundance can serve as a potential biomarker to distinguish MAP infection and determine the infection stage for its early diagnosis. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of PTB by regulating the intestinal microbiota, including p. Firmicutes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T08:56:32Z","timestamp":1734512192000},"page":"1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on Intestinal Microbial Community Composition and Diversity in Small-Tail Han Sheep"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1640-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi-Yuan","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Kang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Lin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Control Center of Ordos, Ordos 017000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue-Rong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otok Banner Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Ordos 017000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Popularization Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqin","family":"Tunala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otok Banner Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Ordos 017000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otok Banner Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Ordos 017000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W.W., Lv, W.F., Cong, W., Meng, Q.F., Wang, C.F., Shan, X.F., and Qian, A.D. 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