{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:37:18Z","timestamp":1779313038682,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21N31900200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21N31900200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A3-2601-24-311001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A3-2601-24-311001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21N31900200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21N31900200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A3-2601-24-311001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A3-2601-24-311001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Climbing Plan for Excellent Young Staffs at Shanghai University of Medine &amp; Health Sciences","award":["21N31900200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21N31900200"]}]},{"name":"Climbing Plan for Excellent Young Staffs at Shanghai University of Medine &amp; Health Sciences","award":["32072320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072320"]}]},{"name":"Climbing Plan for Excellent Young Staffs at Shanghai University of Medine &amp; Health Sciences","award":["A3-2601-24-311001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A3-2601-24-311001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to explore the interactions among genetic determinants influencing ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella. Treatment with PA\u03b2N, an efflux pump inhibitor, resulted in a 4\u201332-fold reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) across all 18 ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella isolates. Notably, isolates without point mutations reverted from resistance to sensitivity. The efflux pump played a crucial role in resistance development, particularly in serovar Enteritidis, where PA\u03b2N treatment caused a more significant MIC reduction (16\u201332-fold) in five strains carrying the GyrA (Asp87Tyr) mutation, which initially exhibited high MICs (8 \u03bcg\/mL). Several resistance genes were identified on transferable plasmids: oqxAB and aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr were associated with IncF plasmids in S. Enteritidis, IncA\/C plasmids in S. Typhimurium, and IncHI2 plasmids in S. Virchow. Additionally, qnrS1 and\/or qepA were carried by IncA\/C plasmids in S. Thompson. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of an oqxAB module integrated into the chromosomal DNA of S. Derby. Although the MICs of ciprofloxacin in transconjugants and transformants remained low (1\u20134 \u03bcg\/mL), they exceeded the clinical breakpoint for susceptibility. These findings highlight the synergistic impact of efflux pumps and plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms, contributing to the increasing prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance and posing a significant threat to food safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1734667660000},"page":"1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of Efflux Pump Contributions and Plasmid-Mediated Genetic Determinants in Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4019-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China"},{"name":"School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanrong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dai","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5847-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunbo","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00591-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00591-19","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of Salmonella serovars in animal-based foods: A meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. 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