{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:11:47Z","timestamp":1792789907732,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) pose a growing threat to companion animals, especially dogs, due to the increasing abundance of tick populations in Europe, driven by climate change, urbanization, and the mobility of humans and animals. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in clinically ill dogs suspected of having developed TBDs during the autumn-winter season, as well as to detect pathogens in ticks collected during the same period in the Warmian\u2013Masurian Voivodeship in Poland. A total of 30 dogs with clinical symptoms of babesiosis and 45 ticks from dogs were acquired for this study. Clinical symptoms in dogs included elevated body temperature &gt; 39.0 \u00b0C (73.3%), anemia (56.7%), thrombocytopenia (80%), and dark urine (53.3%). Co-infections with Babesia spp. were identified in two combinations (Babesia spp. and Mycoplasma spp. (n = 5), Babesia spp. and Borrelia spp. (n = 2)) and one co-infection with Anaplasma spp. and Borrelia spp., highlighting the complexity of TBD diagnosis and treatment. The analyzed tick species were Ixodes ricinus (86.7%; n = 39; 18 females and 21 males) and Dermacentor reticulatus (13.3%; n = 6; 4 females and 2 males). In I. ricinus, Babesia spp. were identified in 7.7% (3\/39), Mycoplasma spp. in 7.7% (3\/39), Borrelia in 25.6% (10\/39), and Anaplasma spp. in 10.3% (4\/39). In D.reticulatus, only two pathogens\u2014Borrelia spp. and Anaplasma spp.\u2014were detected, both only once (16.7%; 1\/6). No significant differences were observed between the prevalence of the studied pathogens and tick species, sex, or developmental stage. This study emphasizes the year-round risk of TBDs in dogs, particularly during the autumn-winter months, and underscores the need for continuous vigilance in tick prevention, broad-spectrum diagnostics, and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T02:39:56Z","timestamp":1734921596000},"page":"1132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Cases of Tick-Borne Diseases in Dogs During the Autumn-Winter Season in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7320-4210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismena","family":"Ga\u0142\u0119cka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuowei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2780-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuenan","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1005-3945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigiusz","family":"Ga\u0142\u0119cki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01856-0","article-title":"Tick-borne infectious diseases of dogs","volume":"17","author":"Shaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-26","article-title":"Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus","volume":"3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. 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