{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:43:34Z","timestamp":1790012614377,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigated the interactions between Candida auris and C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei in mixed infections. Initially, these interactions were studied qualitatively and quantitatively in dual-species biofilms formed in vitro. The MTT assays, determination of the total CFU\/mL, and SEM analysis showed that C. auris interacted differentially with the other Candida spp. during the dual-species biofilm formation. Depending on the stage of the biofilm development, C. auris was found to be a particularly dominant species during its interaction with the C. krusei biofilms but significantly submissive in the C. auris-C. albicans biofilms. These studies were then extended to in vivo host models of experimental candidiasis. G. mellonella larvae were inoculated with monotypic and heterotypic suspensions of Candida. The survival rates and quantification of fungal cells in the hemolymph showed that the highest mortality was exhibited by larvae in the C. auris-C. albicans co-infection (100% mortality after 36 h). The CFU\/mL values of C. auris from the larval hemolymph were lower in the interactive groups compared to the mono-species group. As a newly emerging species, C. auris persists in environments in the presence of other Candida species and is involved in both competitive and noncompetitive interactions with other Candida species during biofilm formation and development of experimental candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T04:54:08Z","timestamp":1736312048000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Relationships Between Candida auris and the Rest of the Candida World\u2014Analysis of Dual-Species Biofilms and Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Janeczko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1836-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Skrzypek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1j, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950","article-title":"Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6097","article-title":"Infectious Disease. How to bolster the antifungal pipeline","volume":"347","author":"Denning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou\u0161\u0165, J., Sp\u00ed\u017eek, J., and Havl\u00ed\u010dek, V. (2020). Antifungal Drugs. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10030106"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"14281","article-title":"Common invasive fungal diseases: An overview of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"146","author":"Schmiedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x","article-title":"Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital","volume":"53","author":"Satoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00259-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00259-20","article-title":"Tracking a Global Threat: A New Genotyping Method for Candida auris","volume":"11","author":"Cuomo","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00365-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00365-20","article-title":"Mutations in TAC1B: A Novel Genetic Determinant of Clinical Fluconazole Resistance in Candida auris","volume":"11","author":"Rybak","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12904","article-title":"Candida auris\u2014The growing menace to global health","volume":"62","author":"Lone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, H., Bing, J., Hu, T., Ennis, C.L., Nobile, C.J., and Huang, G. (2020). Candida auris: Epidemiology, biology, antifungal resistance, and virulence. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008921"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.09.014","article-title":"Candida auris: Epidemiology, risk factors, virulence, resistance, and therapeutic options","volume":"125","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0131-0","article-title":"First cases and risk factors of super yeast Candida auris infection or colonization from Shenyang, China","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ku, T.S.N., Walraven, C.J., and Lee, S.A. (2018). Candida auris: Disinfectants and Implications for Infection Control. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00726"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2018.06.007","article-title":"Candida auris: An emerging drug resistant yeast\u2014A mini-review","volume":"28","author":"Bidaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14121","article-title":"Investigation of the First Seven Reported Cases of Candida auris, a Globally Emerging Invasive, Multidrug-Resistant Fungus-United States, May 2013\u2013August 2016","volume":"17","author":"Vallabhaneni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S116229","article-title":"Current perspective on emergence, diagnosis and drug resistance in Candida auris","volume":"10","author":"Sarma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17625","article-title":"Candidalysin is a fungal peptide toxin critical for mucosal infection","volume":"532","author":"Moyes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garbe, E., Thielemann, N., Hohner, S., Kumar, A., Vylkova, S., Kurzai, O., and Martin, R. (2023). Functional analysis of the Candida albicans ECE1 Promoter. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00253-23"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14949","article-title":"Biofilm of Candida albicans: Formation, regulation and resistance","volume":"131","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.01.002","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms: Development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Gulati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.04.001","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilm growth and dispersal: Contributions to pathogenesis","volume":"52","author":"Wall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2023.2179036","article-title":"Candida auris biofilm: A review on model to mechanism conservation","volume":"21","author":"Khari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo Ruiz, G., and Lorenz, A. (2021). What do we know about the biology of the emerging fungal pathogen of humans Candida auris?. Microbiol. Res., 242.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126621"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.162","article-title":"Effectiveness of Disinfectants Against Candida auris and Other Candida Species","volume":"38","author":"Cadnum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaabane, F., Graf, A., Jequier, L., and Coste, A.T. (2019). Review on Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms in the Emerging Pathogen Candida auris. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02788"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-020-00143-7","article-title":"Candida auris infection and biofilm formation: Going beyond the surface","volume":"7","author":"Horton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.062109-0","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus adherence to Candida albicans hyphae is mediated by the hyphal adhesin Als3p","volume":"158","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyer, L.L., Oh, S.H., Jones, R., and Cota, E. (2014). A proposed mechanism for the interaction between the Candida albicans Als3 adhesin and streptococcal cell wall proteins. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00564"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, G., Liu, Y., Kim, D., Li, Y., Krysan, D.J., and Koo, H. (2017). Candida albicans mannans mediate Streptococcus mutans exoenzyme GtfB binding to modulate cross-kingdom biofilm development in vivo. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006407"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.083485-0","article-title":"Systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection mediated by Candida albicans hyphal invasion of mucosal tissue","volume":"161","author":"Schlecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.08.057","article-title":"Anaerobic bacteria grow within Candida albicans biofilms and induce biofilm formation in suspension cultures","volume":"24","author":"Fox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103619","article-title":"Binary interactions between the yeast Candida albicans and two gut-associated Bacteroides  species","volume":"135","author":"Valentine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02213.x","article-title":"Interactions of Candida albicans with other Candida spp. and bacteria inthe biofilms","volume":"96","author":"Starks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.01.005","article-title":"Quorum sensing and environ-mental adaptation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A tale ofregulatory networks and multifunctional signal molecules","volume":"12","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"743","article-title":"Inhibitory effects ofdifferent lactobacilli on Candida albicans hyphal formationand biofilm development","volume":"28","author":"Orsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mail\u00e4nder-S\u00e1nchez, D., Braunsdorf, C., Grumaz, C., M\u00fcller, C., Lorenz, S., Stevens, P., Wagener, J., Hebecker, B., Hube, B., and Bracher, F. (2017). Antifungal defense of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is mediated by blocking adhe-sion and nutrient depletion. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184438"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-018-0100-3","article-title":"Fungi at the scene of the crime: Innocent bystanders or accomplices in oral infections?","volume":"5","author":"Delaney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Micro. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.902-904.2000","article-title":"Growth competition between Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans under broth and biofilm growing conditions","volume":"38","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2008.00439.x","article-title":"Mixed Candida albicans and Candida glabrata populations associated with the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis","volume":"23","author":"Coco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.48","article-title":"Candida species: New insights into biofilm formation","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossoni, R.D., Barbosa, J.O., Vilela, S.F., dos Santos, J.D., de Barros, P.P., Prata, M.C., Anbinder, A.L., Fuchs, B.B., Jorge, A.O., and Mylonakis, E. (2015). Competitive Interactions between C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei during Biofilm Formation and Development of Experimental Candidiasis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131700"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2016.01.013","article-title":"Candida\/Candida biofilms. First description of dual-species Candida albicans\/C. rugosa biofilm","volume":"120","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000100013","article-title":"Multi-species biofilm of Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans Candida species on acrylic substrate","volume":"20","author":"Pathak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.3842-3850.2005","article-title":"Galleria mellonella as a model system to study Cryptococcus neoformans pathogenesis","volume":"73","author":"Mylonakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813394106","article-title":"Harnessing Hsp90 function as a powerful, broadly effective therapeutic strategy for fungal infectious disease","volume":"106","author":"Cowen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2022.101248","article-title":"Overview about Candida auris: What\u2019s up 12 years after its first description?","volume":"32","author":"Desoubeaux","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01172-2","article-title":"COVID-19-associated fungal infections","volume":"7","author":"Hoenigl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nett, J.E. (2019). Candida auris: An emerging pathogen \u201cincognito\u201d?. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007638"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13445","article-title":"Expert recommendations for prevention and management of Candida auris transmission","volume":"65","author":"Aldejohann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-018-0342-4","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, resistance, and treatment of infections by Candida auris","volume":"6","author":"Cortegiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2449-y","article-title":"The global challenge of Candida auris in the intensive care unit","volume":"23","author":"Cortegiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.02.003","article-title":"Adherence and biofilm formation of non-Candida albicans Candida species","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malinovsk\u00e1, Z., \u010conkov\u00e1, E., and V\u00e1czi, P. (2023). Biofilm Formation in Medically Important Candida Species. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9100955"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.161320","article-title":"Biofilm-forming capability of highly virulent, multidrug-resistant Candida auris","volume":"23","author":"Sherry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0187-x","article-title":"Filamentation in Candida auris, an emerging fungal pathogen of humans: Passage through the mammalian body induces a heritable phenotypic switch","volume":"7","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00189-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00189-16","article-title":"Comparative Pathogenicity of United Kingdom Isolates of the Emerging Pathogen Candida auris and Other Key Pathogenic Candida Species","volume":"1","author":"Borman","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2017756","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions upon Candida auris infection: Fungal behaviour and immune response in Galleria mellonella","volume":"11","author":"Peman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Bustos, V., Ruiz-Saur\u00ed, A., Ruiz-Gait\u00e1n, A., Sigona-Giangreco, I.A., Caba\u00f1ero-Navalon, M.D., Sabalza-Bazt\u00e1n, O., Salavert-Llet\u00ed, M., Tormo, M.\u00c1., and Pem\u00e1n, J. (2021). Characterization of the Differential Pathogenicity of Candida auris in a Galleria mellonella Infection Model. Microbiol. Spectr., 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00013-21"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz100","article-title":"Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study virulence and azole treatment of the emerging pathogen Candida auris","volume":"74","author":"Wurster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2007.06.007","article-title":"Characteristics of dual species Candida biofilms on denture acrylic surfaces","volume":"52","author":"Thein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0095-0","article-title":"The first isolate of Candida auris in China: Clinical and biological aspects","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa116","article-title":"Filamentous growth is a general feature of Candida auris clinical isolates","volume":"59","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Junqueira, J.C., Fuchs, B.B., Muhammed, M., Coleman, J.J., Suleiman, J.M., Vilela, S.F., Costa, A.C., Rasteiro, V.M., Jorge, A.O., and Mylonakis, E. (2011). Oral Candida albicans isolates from HIV-positive individuals have similar in vitro biofilm-forming ability and pathogenicity as invasive Candida isolates. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-247"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01427.x","article-title":"Development of an insect model for the in vivo pathogenicity testing of yeasts","volume":"27","author":"Cotter","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/1\/40\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:24:35Z","timestamp":1759919075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/1\/40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14010040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14010040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]}}}