{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T09:52:36Z","timestamp":1787997156046,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["224530\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224530\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR UCL\/UCLH Biomedical Research Centre","award":["224530\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224530\/Z\/21\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous virus that infects most of the human population and causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Understanding CMV\u2019s genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics is crucial for elucidating its pathogenesis and developing effective therapeutic interventions. This review provides a comprehensive examination of CMV\u2019s genetic diversity and evolution, focussing on the role of different genotypes in viral pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T11:29:37Z","timestamp":1736422177000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cytomegalovirus Genetic Diversity and Evolution: Insights into Genotypes and Their Role in Viral Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Venturini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8246-0534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33249","article-title":"Novel insights into the function of CD24: A driving force in cancer","volume":"148","author":"Altevogt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(200005)61:1<138::AID-JMV22>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"High prevalence of renal transplant recipients infected with more than one cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotype","volume":"61","author":"Aquino","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"401","article-title":"Strain Variation and Disease Severity in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: In Search of a Viral Marker","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1086\/500508","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus\u2013Encoded \u03b1-Chemokines Exhibit High Sequence Variability in Congenitally Infected Newborns","volume":"193","author":"Foster","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1086\/344238","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the Cytomegalovirus (CMV)\u2013Encoded Tumor Necrosis Factor\u2013\u03b1 and \u03b2-Chemokine Receptors in Congenital CMV Disease","volume":"186","author":"Willoughby","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2006","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus a sequence and UL144 variability in strains from infected children","volume":"65","author":"Bale","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70279-2","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus reinfection in young children","volume":"128","author":"Bale","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(00)00188-8","article-title":"CMV gB genotypes and outcome of vertical transmission: Study on dried blood spots of congenitally infected babies","volume":"21","author":"Barbi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Off. Publ. Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.09.001","article-title":"High human cytomegalovirus loads and diverse linked variable genotypes in both HIV-1 infected and exposed, but uninfected, children in Africa","volume":"382","author":"Bates","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6967","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.12.6967","article-title":"Cutting edge: A novel viral TNF receptor superfamily member in virulent strains of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"162","author":"Benedict","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.5.1051","article-title":"Analysis of T Helper Cell Response to Glycoprotein H (gpUL75) of Human Cytomegalovirus: Evidence for Strain-Specific T Cell Determinants","volume":"173","author":"Beninga","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, C., Rosenkilde, M.M., Benfield, T., Nielsen, L., Sundelin, T., and L\u00fcttichau, H.R. (2021). The frequency of cytomegalovirus non-ELR UL146 genotypes in neonates with congenital CMV disease is comparable to strains in the background population. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06076-w"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45449","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus: Pathogen, paradigm, and puzzle","volume":"121","author":"Boeckh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonavita, C.M., and Cardin, R.D. (2021). Don\u2019t Go Breaking My Heart: MCMV as a Model for HCMV-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050619"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit629","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Clinical Outcome","volume":"57","author":"Boppana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21241","article-title":"Genotypic analysis of two hypervariable human cytomegalovirus genes","volume":"80","author":"Bradley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brait, N., St\u00f6gerer, T., Kalser, J., Adler, B., Kunz, I., Benesch, M., Kropff, B., Mach, M., Puchhammer-St\u00f6ckl, E., and G\u00f6rzer, I. (2020). Influence of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O Polymorphism on the Inhibitory Effect of Soluble Forms of Trimer- and Pentamer-Specific Entry Receptors. J. Virol., 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00107-20"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britt, W.J. (2017). Congenital Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and the Enigma of Maternal Immunity. J. Virol., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02392-16"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.010967-0","article-title":"Glycoprotein N subtypes of human cytomegalovirus induce a strain-specific antibody response during natural infection","volume":"90","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.1.78-83.1996","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus clinical isolates carry at least 19 genes not found in laboratory strains","volume":"70","author":"Cha","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.4.655","article-title":"Isolation of Multiple Strains of Cytomegalovirus from Women Attending a Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases","volume":"155","author":"Chandler","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Janeway, C.A., Travers, P., Walport, M., and Shlomchik, M.J. (2024, July 26). The major histocompatibility complex and its functions, Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK27156\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Charles, O.J., Venturini, C., and Breuer, J. (2020). cmvdrg\u2014An R package for Human Cytomegalovirus Antiviral Drug Resistance Genotyping. bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2221797120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221797120","article-title":"Genomic and geographical structure of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"120","author":"Charles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDougall, J.K. (1990). Analysis of the Protein-Coding Content of the Sequence of Human Cytomegalovirus Strain AD169. Cytomegaloviruses, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74980-3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.1.11","article-title":"Reactivation and Recombination of Multiple Cytomegalovirus Strains from Individual Organ Donors","volume":"160","author":"Chou","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90771-G","article-title":"Comparative analysis of sequence variation in gp116 and gp55 components of glycoprotein B of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"188","author":"Chou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01177-08","article-title":"Diverse Cytomegalovirus UL27 Mutations Adapt to Loss of Viral UL97 Kinase Activity under Maribavir","volume":"53","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.6.1229","article-title":"Analysis of Interstrain Variation in Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B Sequences Encoding Neutralization-Related Epitopes","volume":"163","author":"Chou","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1086\/421496","article-title":"Mixed Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B Genotypes in Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"39","author":"Coaquette","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01132-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01132-18","article-title":"Sequence Variation of Epstein-Barr Virus: Viral Types, Geography, Codon Usage, and Diseases","volume":"92","author":"Correia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, D.V., Nelson, C.S., Tran, D., Barry, P.A., Kaur, A., Koelle, K., and Permar, S.R. (2020). Intrahost cytomegalovirus population genetics following antibody pretreatment in a monkey model of congenital transmission. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007968"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818130116","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus haplotype reconstruction reveals high diversity due to superinfection and evidence of within-host recombination","volume":"116","author":"Cudini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01650-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01650-16","article-title":"Impact of Antibodies and Strain Polymorphisms on Cytomegalovirus Entry and Spread in Fibroblasts and Epithelial Cells","volume":"91","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.015891-0","article-title":"Sequences of complete human cytomegalovirus genomes from infected cell cultures and clinical specimens","volume":"91","author":"Cunningham","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.018994-0","article-title":"Sequential mutations associated with adaptation of human cytomegalovirus to growth in cell culture","volume":"91","author":"Dargan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6265","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.8.6265-6270.1999","article-title":"Numerous Length Polymorphisms at Short Tandem Repeats in Human Cytomegalovirus","volume":"73","author":"Davis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18606-0","article-title":"The human cytomegalovirus genome revisited: Comparison with the chimpanzee cytomegalovirus genome","volume":"84","author":"Davison","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day, L.Z., Stegmann, C., Schultz, E.P., Lanchy, J.-M., Yu, Q., and Ryckman, B.J. (2020). Polymorphisms in Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O (gO) Exert Epistatic Influences on Cell-Free and Cell-to-Cell Spread and Antibody Neutralization on gH Epitopes. J. Virol., 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02051-19"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Depledge, D.P., Palser, A.L., Watson, S.J., Lai, I.Y.-C., Gray, E.R., Grant, P., Kanda, R.K., Leproust, E., Kellam, P., and Breuer, J. (2011). Specific Capture and Whole-Genome Sequencing of Viruses from Clinical Samples. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027805"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-021-00722-5","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus multiple-strain infections and viral population diversity in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients analysed by high-throughput sequencing","volume":"210","author":"Dhingra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobbins, G.C., Patki, A., Chen, D., Tiwari, H.K., Hendrickson, C., Britt, W.J., Fowler, K., Chen, J.Y., Boppana, S.B., and Ross, S.A. (2019). Association of CMV genomic mutations with symptomatic infection and hearing loss in congenital CMV infection. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4681-0"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.79888-0","article-title":"Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus","volume":"85","author":"Dolan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, N., Cao, L., Zheng, D., Su, L., Lu, L., Dong, Z., Xu, M., and Xu, J. (2023). Distribution of CMV envelope glycoprotein B, H and N genotypes in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus symptomatic infection. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1112645"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2009.119","article-title":"CD24: From A to Z","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.11.023","article-title":"Variability and recombination of clinical human cytomegalovirus strains from transplantation recipients","volume":"47","author":"Samot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4997","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316517110","article-title":"Pentameric complex of viral glycoprotein H is the primary target for potent neutralization by a human cytomegalovirus vaccine","volume":"110","author":"Freed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yurochko, A.D. (2021). Overview of Human Cytomegalovirus Pathogenesis. Human Cytomegaloviruses: Methods and Protocols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1111-1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181859edd","article-title":"UL40 Human Cytomegalovirus Variability Evolution Patterns Over Time in Renal Transplant Recipients","volume":"86","author":"Garrigue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7195","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00475-10","article-title":"Deep Sequencing Reveals Highly Complex Dynamics of Human Cytomegalovirus Genotypes in Transplant Patients over Time","volume":"84","author":"Guelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21225","article-title":"Virus load dynamics of individual CMV-genotypes in lung transplant recipients with mixed-genotype infections","volume":"80","author":"Kerschner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.3.875-881.1988","article-title":"Identification and characterization of three distinct families of glycoprotein complexes in the envelopes of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"62","author":"Gretch","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.08.018","article-title":"Direct genotyping of cytomegalovirus envelope glycoproteins from toddler\u2019s saliva samples","volume":"46","author":"Grosjean","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gugliesi, F., Pasquero, S., Griffante, G., Scutera, S., Albano, C., Pacheco, S.F.C., Riva, G., Dell\u2019Oste, V., and Biolatti, M. (2021). Human Cytomegalovirus and Autoimmune Diseases: Where Are We?. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020260"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, G., Zhang, L., Ye, S., Hu, Y., Li, B., Sun, X., Mao, C., Xu, J., Chen, Y., and Zhang, L. (2017). Polymorphisms and features of cytomegalovirus UL144 and UL146 in congenitally infected neonates with hepatic involvement. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171959"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-6-1495","article-title":"Variation within the glycoprotein B gene of human cytomegalovirus is due to homologous recombination","volume":"80","author":"Haberland","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix157","article-title":"Characterization of Human Cytomegalovirus Genome Diversity in Immunocompromised Hosts by Whole-Genome Sequencing Directly From Clinical Specimens","volume":"215","author":"Hage","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185350","article-title":"Evasion of CD8+ T Cells Is Critical for Superinfection by Cytomegalovirus","volume":"328","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20210","article-title":"Sequence variability of the \u03b1-chemokine UL146 from clinical strains of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"74","author":"Okwuadi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.05.002","article-title":"Polymorphisms within human cytomegalovirus chemokine (UL146\/UL147) and cytokine receptor genes (UL144) are not predictive of sequelae in congenitally infected children","volume":"378","author":"Heo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.182","article-title":"Clinical and biological insights from viral genome sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Houldcroft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01251-08","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B Is Required for Virus Entry and Cell-to-Cell Spread but Not for Virion Attachment, Assembly, or Egress","volume":"83","author":"Isaacson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2009.00134.x","article-title":"Association between antibody response against cytomegalovirus strain-specific glycoprotein H epitopes and HLA-DR","volume":"53","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalser, J., Adler, B., Mach, M., Kropff, B., Puchhammer-St\u00f6ckl, E., and G\u00f6rzer, I. (2017). Differences in Growth Properties among Two Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O Genotypes. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01609"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101402","article-title":"Herpesvirus telomeric repeats facilitate genomic integration into host telomeres and mobilization of viral DNA during reactivation","volume":"208","author":"Kaufer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vew017","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew017","article-title":"Islands of linkage in an ocean of pervasive recombination reveals two-speed evolution of human cytomegalovirus genomes","volume":"2","author":"Lassalle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00009-10","article-title":"Antiviral Drug Resistance of Human Cytomegalovirus","volume":"23","author":"Lurain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-4","article-title":"Analysis of the human cytomegalovirus genomic region from UL146 through UL147A reveals sequence hypervariability, genotypic stability, and overlapping transcripts","volume":"3","author":"Lurain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10040","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.10040-10050.1999","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus UL144 open reading frame: Sequence hypervariability in low-passage clinical isolates","volume":"73","author":"Lurain","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11881","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.24.11881-11892.2000","article-title":"Complex Formation by Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoproteins M (gpUL100) and N (gpUL73)","volume":"74","author":"Mach","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00062-12","article-title":"The \u2018silent\u2019 global burden of congenital cytomegalovirus","volume":"26","author":"Manicklal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1086\/605633","article-title":"Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms in Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B on Outcomes in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients with Cytomegalovirus Disease","volume":"49","author":"Manuel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1086\/598952","article-title":"An Assessment of Donor-to-Recipient Transmission Patterns of Human Cytomegalovirus by Analysis of Viral Genomic Variants","volume":"199","author":"Manuel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.12.5246","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus origin of DNA replication (oriLyt) resides within a highly complex repetitive region","volume":"89","author":"Masse","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.09.036","article-title":"Linkage of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein gO variant groups identified from worldwide clinical isolates with gN genotypes, implications for disease associations and evidence for N-terminal sites of positive selection","volume":"318","author":"Mattick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-017-0563-z","article-title":"The Viral Connection to Glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.01.002","article-title":"Topics in herpesvirus genomics and evolution","volume":"117","author":"McGeoch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.3390\/v4112448","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus encoded homologs of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors: Roles in immunomodulation","volume":"4","author":"McSharry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70487-6","article-title":"Simultaneous infection of healthy people with multiple human cytomegalovirus strains","volume":"352","author":"Ebert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199805)55:1<75::AID-JMV12>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Glycoprotein B genotype correlates with cell tropism in vivo of human cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"55","author":"Vogelberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.81178","article-title":"The Story of Human Cytomegalovirus and Cancer: Increasing Evidence and Open Questions","volume":"11","author":"Michaelis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenk, T.E., and Stinski, M.F. (2008). Human Cytomegalovirus Genome. Human Cytomegalovirus, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77349-8"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-024-02083-6","article-title":"Detection of four isomers of the human cytomegalovirus genome using nanopore long-read sequencing","volume":"60","author":"Nanamiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6267","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800177115","article-title":"HCMV glycoprotein B subunit vaccine efficacy mediated by nonneutralizing antibody effector functions","volume":"115","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nijman, J., Mandemaker, F.S., Verboon-Maciolek, M.A., Aitken, S.C., van Loon, A.M., de Vries, L.S., and Schuurman, R. (2014). Genotype Distribution, Viral Load and Clinical Characteristics of Infants with Postnatal or Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108018"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01079-07","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Strain Diversity in Seropositive Women","volume":"46","author":"Novak","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63199","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.63199","article-title":"Mixed cytomegalovirus genotypes in HIV-positive mothers show compartmentalization and distinct patterns of transmission to infants","volume":"9","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.06.020","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus alpha-chemokine genotypes are associated with clinical manifestations in children with congenital or postnatal infections","volume":"462\u2013463","author":"Paradowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31829bb0b9","article-title":"Genotypic Diversity and Mixed Infection in Newborn Disease and Hearing Loss in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection","volume":"32","author":"Pati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9839","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus encodes a potent \u03b1 chemokine","volume":"96","author":"Penfold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(97)01468-8","article-title":"Virulence-associated sequence duplication at the hemagglutinin cleavage site of avian influenza viruses","volume":"49","author":"Perdue","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2004.09.004","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of cytomegalovirus strains responsible of congenital infections","volume":"52","author":"Picone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pathol.-Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-11-2777","article-title":"gpUL73 (gN) genomic variants of human cytomegalovirus isolates are clustered into four distinct genotypes","volume":"82","author":"Pignatelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18704-0","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein N (gpUL73-gN) genomic variants: Identification of a novel subgroup, geographical distribution and evidence of positive selective pressure","volume":"84","author":"Pignatelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1086\/653423","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus gN Genotypes Distribution among Congenitally Infected Newborns and Their Relationship with Symptoms at Birth and Sequelae","volume":"51","author":"Pignatelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.438","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms among human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) wild-type strains","volume":"14","author":"Pignatelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.5.860","article-title":"Protective effects of Towne cytomegalovirus vaccine against low-passage cytomegalovirus administered as a challenge","volume":"159","author":"Plotkin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.315","article-title":"A review of genetic differences between limited and extensively passaged human cytomegalovirus strains","volume":"11","author":"Prichard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102068","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus UL40 signal peptide regulates cell surface expression of the NK cell ligands HLA-E and gpUL18","volume":"188","author":"Tomasec","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.03.004","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus subtypes\u2014The search for clinical significance","volume":"36","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.10.87","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus: An enormous variety of strains and their possible clinical significance in the human host","volume":"6","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20571","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL139 open reading frame: Sequence variants are clustered into three major genotypes","volume":"78","author":"Qi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1086\/344228","article-title":"The molecular epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus: Evidence for geographic segregation","volume":"186","author":"Quinlivan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10841","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.21.10841-10848.2002","article-title":"The Genes Encoding the gCIII Complex of Human Cytomegalovirus Exist in Highly Diverse Combinations in Clinical Isolates","volume":"76","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1086\/367900","article-title":"Inter- and Intragenic Variations Complicate the Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cytomegalovirus","volume":"187","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8833","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.12.8833-8849.1996","article-title":"Analysis of the complete DNA sequence of murine cytomegalovirus","volume":"70","author":"Rawlinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzette, N., Gibson, L., Bhattacharjee, B., Fisher, D., Schleiss, M.R., Jensen, J.D., and Kowalik, T.F. (2013). Rapid Intrahost Evolution of Human Cytomegalovirus Is Shaped by Demography and Positive Selection. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003735"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501880112","article-title":"Limits and patterns of cytomegalovirus genomic diversity in humans","volume":"112","author":"Renzette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200301150-00030","article-title":"Association of glycoprotein B and immediate early-1 genotypes with human leukocyte antigen alleles in renal transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"75","author":"Lesimple","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.645","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus tropism for endothelial\/epithelial cells: Scientific background and clinical implications","volume":"20","author":"Revello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1086\/649903","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Reinfections in Healthy Seroimmune Women","volume":"201","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir457","article-title":"Mixed Infection and Strain Diversity in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection","volume":"204","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-023-00853-4","article-title":"Tutorial: A statistical genetics guide to identifying HLA alleles driving complex disease","volume":"18","author":"Sakaue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2399","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2399","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of human cytomegalovirus shedding in seropositive pregnant women","volume":"32","author":"Sapuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-007-0158-0","article-title":"Analysis of the variability of CMV strains in the RL11D domain of the RL11 multigene family","volume":"35","author":"Sekulin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.9.4591-4600.2006","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Elicits a Glycoprotein M (gM)\/gN-Specific Virus-Neutralizing Antibody Response","volume":"80","author":"Shimamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7673","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00578-15","article-title":"High-Throughput Analysis of Human Cytomegalovirus Genome Diversity Highlights the Widespread Occurrence of Gene-Disrupting Mutations and Pervasive Recombination","volume":"89","author":"Sijmons","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3390\/v6031049","article-title":"Genomic and Functional Characteristics of Human Cytomegalovirus Revealed by Next-Generation Sequencing","volume":"6","author":"Sijmons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83286-0","article-title":"Cloning and sequencing of a highly productive, endotheliotropic virus strain derived from human cytomegalovirus TB40\/E","volume":"89","author":"Sinzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42955","article-title":"Reconstruction of the complete human cytomegalovirus genome in a BAC reveals RL13 to be a potent inhibitor of replication","volume":"120","author":"Stanton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20235","article-title":"Stability of human cytomegalovirus genotypes in persistently infected renal transplant recipients","volume":"75","author":"Stanton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227919","article-title":"Decoding Human Cytomegalovirus","volume":"338","author":"Weisburd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez, N.M., Blyth, E., Li, K., Ganzenmueller, T., Camiolo, S., Avdic, S., Withers, B., Linnenweber-Held, S., Gwinner, W., and Dhingra, A. (2020). Whole-Genome Approach to Assessing Human Cytomegalovirus Dynamics in Transplant Patients Undergoing Antiviral Therapy. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00267"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz209","article-title":"Multiple-Strain Infections of Human Cytomegalovirus With High Genomic Diversity Are Common in Breast Milk From Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Infected Women in Zambia","volume":"220","author":"Musonda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz208","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Genomes Sequenced Directly From Clinical Material: Variation, Multiple-Strain Infection, Recombination, and Gene Loss","volume":"220","author":"Wilkie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01987-13","article-title":"Evolution and diversity in human herpes simplex virus genomes","volume":"88","author":"Szpara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-013-0372-7","article-title":"A comprehensive test for negative frequency-dependent selection","volume":"55","author":"Takahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Popul. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-7-1537","article-title":"Glycoprotein H of human cytomegalovirus is a major antigen for the neutralizing humoral immune response","volume":"77","author":"Urban","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Damme, E., and Van Loock, M. (2014). Functional annotation of human cytomegalovirus gene products: An update. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00218"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venturini, C., Colston, J.M., Charles, O., Best, T., Atkinson, C., Forrest, C., Williams, C., Rao, K., Worth, A., and Thorburn, D. (2022). Persistent low-level variants in a subset of HCMV genes are highly predictive of poor outcome in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus infection. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.12.22279849"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veac093","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac093","article-title":"Haplotype assignment of longitudinal viral deep-sequencing data using co-variation of variant frequencies","volume":"8","author":"Venturini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000150549","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B Sequence Variation among Japanese Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients","volume":"40","author":"Wada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2219-2226.2001","article-title":"Characterization of Human Cytomegalovirus Strains by Analysis of Short Tandem Repeat Polymorphisms","volume":"39","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10330","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.16.10330-10338.2005","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus UL131 Open Reading Frame Is Required for Epithelial Cell Tropism","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.-Y., Valencia, S.M., Pfeifer, S.P., Jensen, J.D., Kowalik, T.F., and Permar, S.R. (2021). Common Polymorphisms in the Glycoproteins of Human Cytomegalovirus and Associated Strain-Specific Immunity. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061106"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz152","article-title":"Coevolution of Sites under Immune Selection Shapes Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Population Structure","volume":"36","author":"Wegner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr170","article-title":"Purifying Selection Can Obscure the Ancient Age of Viral Lineages","volume":"28","author":"Wertheim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Prager, A., Boos, S., Resch, M., Brizic, I., Mach, M., Wildner, S., Scrivano, L., and Adler, B. (2017). Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein complex gH\/gL\/gO uses PDGFR-\u03b1 as a key for entry. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006281"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83685-0","article-title":"Genetic linkage among human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein N (gN) and gO genes, with evidence for recombination from congenitally and post-natally infected Japanese infants","volume":"89","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-008-0044-7","article-title":"Genetic variations in the gB, UL144 and UL149 genes of human cytomegalovirus strains collected from congenitally and postnatally infected Japanese children","volume":"153","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2034","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2034","article-title":"Estimation of the worldwide seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Zuhair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/1\/50\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:25:59Z","timestamp":1759919159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/1\/50"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14010050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14010050","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]}}}