{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:18:06Z","timestamp":1777461486167,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Rural Health","award":["1750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1750"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Rural Health","award":["223743\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223743\/Z\/21\/Z"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223743\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223743\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ixodes ricinus is an important vector of infectious human and livestock diseases in Europe. Co-infections of pathogens in ticks and hosts have been reported. Tick cell lines offer a useful model system for study of co-infections. We present a review of the existing literature on co-infections in tick cell lines. Previous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of tick cell lines in studies on co-infection of different pathogens and their interaction with the tick microbiome. We also carried out a preliminary study to investigate the effects of co-culturing Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum on their growth and interactions with the Ixodes ricinus cell line IRE\/CTVM19 over a 13-day period. Replication of both pathogens was quantified by real-time PCR. The presence of A. phagocytophilum appeared to have a slight inhibitory effect on the multiplication of B. burgdorferi, that were added subsequently. In contrast, the prior presence of B. burgdorferi appeared to have a stimulatory effect on A. phagocytophilum after 6 days in culture. We conclude that the IRE\/CTVM19 tick cell line is suitable for simultaneous and continuous cultivation of both bacteria and can be applied in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T10:00:01Z","timestamp":1736935201000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Use of Tick Cell Lines in Co-Infection Studies with a Preliminary Study of Co-Culture of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1515-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violetta","family":"Zaj\u0105c","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7305-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley","family":"Bell-Sakyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5260-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelina","family":"W\u00f3jcik-Fatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102114","article-title":"The Biology of Ixodes ricinus with Emphasis on Its Ecology","volume":"14","author":"Kahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010cern\u00fd, J., Lynn, G., Hrnkov\u00e1, J., Golovchenko, M., Rudenko, N., and Grubhoffer, L. 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