{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:37:43Z","timestamp":1775039863729,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR\/WHO)","award":["P22-00834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P22-00834"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fascioliasis and schistosomiasis are parasitic trematodiases of public health and economic concern in humans and livestock. However, data on the distribution and risk factors for fascioliasis remain limited, while epidemiological gaps hinder schistosomiasis control in Tanzania. This One Health, cross-sectional study examined the prevalence and risk factors of schistomiasis and fascioliasis in northern Tanzania, involving 310 livestock and 317 human participants from Arusha, Kilimanjaro, and Manyara regions. Using standard parasitological methods, livestock fascioliasis prevalence was 21.3%, while schistosomiasis prevalence was 1.0%. Human fascioliasis prevalence was 1.9%, while schistosomiasis prevalence was 12.6%. Female animals, particularly cattle in Kilimanjaro and Manyara, had higher odds of fascioliasis. Human\u2013animal contact through husbandry increased schistosomiasis risk (aOR = 4.21; 95% CI: 1.81\u20139.80), while the use of borehole-water was protective (aOR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.11\u20130.97). Fascioliasis risk was higher among individuals aged 36\u201355 years (aOR = 7.66; 95% CI: 1.36\u201343.23), with cabbage consumption offering protection (aOR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01\u20130.89). The study revealed inverted prevalence patterns of fascioliasis and schistosomiasis in humans and livestock, driven by vector-dependent transmission dynamics. These findings emphasize the need for an integrated One Health approach to manage shared human and animal health risks in Tanzania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T03:33:02Z","timestamp":1737084782000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inverted Patterns of Schistosomiasis and Fascioliasis and Risk Factors Among Humans and Livestock in Northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ephrasia A.","family":"Hugho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1940-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yakob P.","family":"Nagagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority, Arusha 23210, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5346-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucille J.","family":"Lyaruu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority, Arusha 23210, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3268-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor V.","family":"Mosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ndealilia","family":"Senyael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magweiga M.","family":"Mwita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth W.","family":"Mabahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Violet M.","family":"Temba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority, Arusha 23210, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mapulish","family":"Hebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority, Arusha 23210, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Nyati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma 40478, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5550-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blandina T.","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9030-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theonest O.","family":"Ndyetabura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"AbdulHamid S.","family":"Lukambagire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.010","article-title":"Fascioliasis and Other Plant-Borne Trematode Zoonoses","volume":"35","author":"Bargues","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human Schistosomiasis","volume":"8383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"149","article-title":"Human Fascioliasis: Current Epidemiological Status and Strategies for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control","volume":"11","author":"Caravedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00919-z","article-title":"The Economic Impact of Schistosomiasis","volume":"10","author":"Rinaldo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strydom, T., Lavan, R.P., Torres, S., and Heaney, K. (2023). The Economic Impact of Parasitism from Nematodes, Trematodes and Ticks on Beef Cattle Production. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101599"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2024, November 02). WHO Foodborne Parasitic Infections: Fascioliasis (Liver Fluke). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-UCN-NTD-VVE-2021.4."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.050614","article-title":"Emerging Foodborne Trematodiasis","volume":"11","author":"Keiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0030","article-title":"Human Fascioliasis: A Re-Emerging Disease in Upper Egypt","volume":"93","author":"Mekky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v26i1.6","article-title":"Status of Small Ruminant Fasciolosis and Diagnostic Test Evaluation at Haramaya Town Municipal Abattoir, East Harrarghe Zone, Ethiopia","volume":"26","author":"Tadesse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethiop. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2024, November 02). WHO Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases\/schistosomiasis\/epidemiology."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trx051","article-title":"Human and Livestock Trematode Infections in a Mobile Pastoralist Setting at Lake Chad: Added Value of a One Health Approach beyond Zoonotic Diseases Research","volume":"111","author":"Greter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04223","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04223","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Liver Disease in Human and Domestic Animals Caused by Fasciola: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizwan, M., Khan, M.R., Afzal, M.S., Manahil, H., Yasmeen, S., Jabbar, M., Irum, S., Simsek, S., Wasif, S., and Mahmood, T. (2022). Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Livestock and Humans in Pakistan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7070126"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00326-y","article-title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Intestinal Schistosomiasis and Human Fascioliasis among School Children in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia","volume":"49","author":"Bekana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"m4324","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and Climate Change","volume":"371","author":"Stensgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0773-x","article-title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors and Spatial Analysis of Liver Fluke Infections in Danish Cattle Herds","volume":"8","author":"Olsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"100487","article-title":"Current Status of Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Liver Fluke Fasciola Hepatica in Cattle Raised in Different Altitudinal Regions of Colombia","volume":"22","author":"Pinilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.1438-1448","article-title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Infection Intensity of Fasciolosis in Dairy Cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Kurnianto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try049","article-title":"Risk Factors for Human Fascioliasis in Schoolchildren in Ba\u00f1os Del Inca, Cajamarca, Peru","volume":"112","author":"Cerna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angora, E.K., Boissier, J., Menan, H., Rey, O., Tuo, K., Tour\u00e9, A.O., Coulibaly, J.T., M\u00e9it\u00e9, A., Raso, G., and N\u2019Goran, E.K. (2019). Prevalence and Risk Factors for Schistosomiasis among Schoolchildren in Two Settings of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4030110"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000914","article-title":"Human Fascioliasis Infection Sources, Their Diversity, Incidence Factors, Analytical Methods and Prevention Measures","volume":"145","author":"Bargues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3796","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2024.244","article-title":"Risk Factors for Schistosomiasis","volume":"24","author":"Nelwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Tanzania Ministry of Health (2021). Strategic Master Plan for the Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program July 2021\u2013June 2026 Tanzania Mainland."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukambagire, A.H.S., Mchaile, D.N., and Nyindo, M. (2015). Diagnosis of Human Fascioliasis in Arusha Region, Northern Tanzania by Microscopy and Clinical Manifestations in Patients. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1326-9"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyindo, M., and Lukambagire, A.H. (2015). Fascioliasis: An Ongoing Zoonotic Trematode Infection. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/786195"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"186","article-title":"An Evaluation of the Economic Losses Resulting from Condemnation of Cattle Livers and Loss of Carcass Weight Due to Fasciolosis: A Case Study from Hai Town Abattoir, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania","volume":"21","author":"Swai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livest. Res. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102428","article-title":"High Prevalence and Risk Factors of Fascioliasis in Cattle in Amazonas, Peru","volume":"85","author":"Frias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.05.009","article-title":"One Health for Fascioliasis Control in Human Endemic Areas","volume":"39","author":"Valero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874345","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/874345","article-title":"Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature","volume":"2014","author":"Bidaisee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"PAHO (2016, January 26\u201330). Plan of Action for the Elimination of Neglected Infectious Diseases and Post-Elimination Actions 2016\u20132022. Proceedings of the 55th Directing Council, 68th Session of the Regional Committee of WHO for the Americas, Washington, DC, USA,."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Cheesbrough, M. (2009). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Hansen, J., and Perry, B. (1994). The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Helminth Parasites of Ruminants, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015000827","article-title":"Associations between Trematode Infections in Cattle and Freshwater Snails in Highland and Lowland Areas of Iringa Rural District, Tanzania","volume":"142","author":"Nzalawahe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.08.004","article-title":"Impact of Human Activities on Fasciolosis Transmission","volume":"34","author":"Sabourin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08021-z","article-title":"One-Health Approach on the Future Application of Snails: A Focus on Snail-Transmitted Parasitic Diseases","volume":"123","author":"Pathak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2024, November 02). The President\u2019s Office Regional Administration and Local Government Authorities, p. 15. Available online: https:\/\/esrf.or.tz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Manyara_investment_guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2024, November 02). The President\u2019s Office Regional Administration and Local Government Authorities, p. 30. Available online: https:\/\/www.undp.org\/sites\/g\/files\/zskgke326\/files\/2023-11\/kilimanjaro_investment_guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105126","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Gastrointestinal Parasites in Ruminant Livestock in the Coastal Savannah Zone of Ghana","volume":"199","author":"Squire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kouadio, J.N., Giovanoli Evack, J., Achi, L.Y., Fritsche, D., Ouattara, M., Silu\u00e9, K.D., Bonfoh, B., Hattendorf, J., Utzinger, J., and Zinsstag, J. (2020). Prevalence and Distribution of Livestock Schistosomiasis and Fascioliasis in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02667-y"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mnkugwe, R.H., Minzi, O.S., Kinung\u2019hi, S.M., Kamuhabwa, A.A., and Aklillu, E. (2020). Prevalence and Correlates of Intestinal Schistosomiasis Infection among School-Aged Children in North-Western Tanzania. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228770"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05547-6","article-title":"Precision and Geographical Prevalence Mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis among School-Aged Children in Selected Districts of North-Western Tanzania","volume":"15","author":"Mazigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazigo, H.D., Uisso, C., Kazyoba, P., Nshala, A., and Mwingira, U.J. (2021). Prevalence, Infection Intensity and Geographical Distribution of Schistosomiasis among Pre-School and School Aged Children in Villages Surrounding Lake Nyasa, Tanzania. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80317-x"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, A., Fuss, A., Ziegler, U., Kaatano, G.M., and Mazigo, H.D. (2019). Intestinal Schistosomiasis of Ijinga Island, North-Western Tanzania: Prevalence, Intensity of Infection, Hepatosplenic Morbidities and Their Associated Factors. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4451-z"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.04.005","article-title":"Fluke Egg Characteristics for the Diagnosis of Human and Animal Fascioliasis by Fasciola Hepatica and F. gigantica","volume":"111","author":"Valero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"259","article-title":"The Global Prevalence of Human Fascioliasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dermauw, V., Muchai, J., Al Kappany, Y., Castaneda, A.L.F., and Dorny, P. (2021). Human Fascioliasis in Africa: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261166"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2005.00872.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Fasciolosis in Zambian Cattle Observed at Selected Abattoirs with Emphasis on Age, Sex and Origin","volume":"52","author":"Phiri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.1241-1249","article-title":"Epidemiology of Bovine Fascioliasis in the Nile Delta Region of Egypt: Its Prevalence, Evaluation of Risk Factors, and Its Economic Significance","volume":"10","author":"Bazh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21315\/tlsr2021.32.2.1","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Fascioliasis in Kelantan, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"32","author":"Kin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Life Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordin, P., Nyale, E., Kalambo, C., Ahlberg, B.M., Feldmeier, H., and Krantz, I. (2023). Determining the Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis Based on the Discordance between Egg Counts and Haematuria in Populations from Northern Tanzania. Front. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2023.1100139"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182024001045","article-title":"Current Status of Schistosomiasis in School-Aged Children in Mwanga District, Tanzania: Impact of Two Decades of Annual Mass Drug Administration Programme","volume":"21","author":"Pyuza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00870.x","article-title":"High Fascioliasis Infection in Children Linked to a Man-Made Irrigation Zone in Peru","volume":"7","author":"Esteban","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06565-2","article-title":"Impact of Chemical Snail Control on Intermediate Host Snail Populations for Urogenital Schistosomiasis Elimination in Pemba, Tanzania: Findings of a 3-Year Intervention Study","volume":"17","author":"Trippler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/1\/87\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:30:16Z","timestamp":1759919416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/1\/87"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14010087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14010087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}