{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:44:54Z","timestamp":1790095494072,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kakenhi","award":["22KK0147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22KK0147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information on circulating HBV (sub-)genotype, variants, and hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection, which vary by geographical area, is crucial for the efficient control and management of HBV. We investigated the genomic characteristics of HBV (with a prevalence of 8.1%) and the prevalence of HDV in Nigeria. We utilised 777 HBV-positive samples and epidemiological data from the two-stage sampled population-based, nationally representative Nigeria HIV\/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey conducted in 2018. We assessed 732 HBV DNA-extracted samples with detectable viral loads (VLs) for (sub-)genotypes and variants by whole-genome pre-amplification, nested PCR of the s-and pol-gene, and BigDye Terminator sequencing. We conducted HDV serology. In total, 19 out of the 36 + 1 states in Nigeria had a high prevalence of HBV (\u22658%), with the highest prevalence (10.4%) in the north-central geopolitical zone. Up to 33.2% (95% CI 30.0\u201336.6) of the participants had detectable VLs of \u2265300 copies\/mL. The predominant circulating HBV genotype was E with 98.4% (95% CI 97.1\u201399.1), followed by A with 1.6% (95% CI 0.9\u20132.9). Drug-resistant associated variants and immune escape variants were detected in 9.3% and 0.4%, respectively. The seroprevalence of HDV was 7.34% (95% CI 5.5\u20139.2). Nigeria has subtype E as the major genotype with many variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T07:47:37Z","timestamp":1737359257000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology, Drug-Resistant Variants, and Therapeutic Implications of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus Prevalence in Nigeria: A National Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-9521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oludare \u2018Sunbo","family":"Adewuyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4846-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Shakir","family":"Balogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja 900231, Nigeria"},{"name":"African Field Epidemiology Network, Asokoro, Abuja 900231, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirono","family":"Otomaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2213-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alash\u2019le","family":"Abimiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Agbakizu","family":"Ahumibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsie","family":"Ilori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9621-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Que Anh","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nwando","family":"Mba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Christopher","family":"Avong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1761-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Olaide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8242-8590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyeladun","family":"Okunromade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adama","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afolabi","family":"Akinpelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinwe Lucia","family":"Ochu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babatunde","family":"Olajumoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruka","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikwe","family":"Ihekweazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"},{"name":"WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, Prinzessinnenstrasse 17-18, 10969 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adetifa","family":"Ifedayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"},{"name":"Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8401-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiko","family":"Toizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7448-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Moriuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsunori","family":"Yanagihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jide","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja 240102, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7567-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lay-Myint","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024, October 22). 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