{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:18:06Z","timestamp":1790299086469,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiaxing Science and Technology Program","award":["2024AD30124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AD30124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mpox, a zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus (MPXV), has seen a significant shift in its epidemiological status since 2022, evolving from an initial local outbreak to a global epidemic. This recent outbreak of MPXV mainly emerged in several European and American countries and subsequently spread to over 100 countries and regions worldwide. The rapid evolution of MPXV, coupled with increased international interactions, has led to a gradual rise in mpox cases in certain regions of Asia, mostly involving MPXV clade II and its branch strains. In contrast, the more pathogenic and clinically severe MPXV clade Ib has been relatively rare, with no reports in China to date. Here, we analyzed the whole gene sequence of imported MPXV clade Ib variant from the first infection case detected in China. Through whole genome sequencing, we successfully obtained a full-length MPXV genome of 195,405 base pairs (bp). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genetic sequence of the MPXV in this case was predominantly clustered with MPXV clade Ib sequences previously reported from multiple African and European countries. Compared with the MPXV clade Ib reference strain DQ011155.1, there are 127 nucleotide alterations and 57 amino acid mutations in the MPXV genome of this case. Given that the MPXV clade Ib has started to appear in China, we must pay more attention to the prevention of and control measures for the spread of mpox.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T07:47:37Z","timestamp":1737359257000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of the First Imported Mpox Virus Clade Ib Variant in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7023-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Haiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haiyan, Jiaxing 314300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shencong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganglin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanchen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peihua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Haiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haiyan, Jiaxing 314300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"58","author":"McCollum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e554","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00153-7","article-title":"Global human monkeypox outbreak: Atypical presentation demanding urgent public health action","volume":"3","author":"Otu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15633","article-title":"A compilation answering 50 questions on monkeypox virus and the current monkeypox outbreak","volume":"78","author":"Cabanillas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00869-6","article-title":"Novel severe oculocutaneous manifestations of human monkeypox virus infection and their historical analogues","volume":"23","author":"Carrubba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"747","article-title":"Monkeypox virus: Ecology and public health significance","volume":"66","author":"Khodakevich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"115","article-title":"The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission","volume":"39","author":"Khodakevich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doty, J.B., Malekani, J.M., Kalemba, L.N., Stanley, W.T., Monroe, B.P., Nakazawa, Y.U., Mauldin, M.R., Bakambana, T.L., Liyandja Dja Liyandja, T., and Braden, Z.H. (2017). Assessing Monkeypox Virus Prevalence in Small Mammals at the Human-Animal Interface in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100283"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00776-z","article-title":"Monkeypox virus: A neglected zoonotic pathogen spreads globally","volume":"20","author":"Alakunle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.12513","article-title":"The WHO Declaration of Monkeypox as a Global Public Health Emergency","volume":"328","author":"Nuzzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05677-3","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of monkeypox and preventive measures: An update","volume":"168","author":"Sabeena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papukashvili, D., Rcheulishvili, N., Liu, C., Wang, X., He, Y., and Wang, P.G. (2022). Strategy of developing nucleic acid-based universal monkeypox vaccine candidates. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1050309"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2022.10.002","article-title":"The evolving epidemiology of monkeypox virus","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(06)66002-8","article-title":"In a nutshell: Structure and assembly of the vaccinia virion","volume":"66","author":"Condit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1446","article-title":"Analysis of the monkeypox virus genome","volume":"297","author":"Shchelkunov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81215-0","article-title":"A tale of two clades: Monkeypox viruses","volume":"86","author":"Likos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2023.08.003","article-title":"Differences in pathogenicity among the mpox virus clades: Impact on drug discovery and vaccine development","volume":"44","author":"Andrei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.10.014","article-title":"Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence","volume":"21","author":"Haller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.11.7.2497","article-title":"Entry of the two infectious forms of vaccinia virus at the plasma membane is signaling-dependent for the IMV but not the EEV","volume":"11","author":"Locker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunge, E.M., Hoet, B., Chen, L., Lienert, F., Weidenthaler, H., Baer, L.R., and Steffen, R. (2022). The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meo, S.A., Al-Khlaiwi, T., Al Jassir, F.F., and Meo, A.S. (2023). Impact of traveling on transmission trends of human monkeypox disease: Worldwide data based observational analysis. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1029215"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.220292","article-title":"Imported Monkeypox from International Traveler, Maryland, USA, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Costello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00588-3","article-title":"Mpox neglect and the smallpox niche: A problem for Africa, a problem for the world","volume":"401","author":"Adetifa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102855","article-title":"The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus","volume":"131","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alakunle, E., Moens, U., Nchinda, G., and Okeke, M.I. (2020). Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111257"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Fernandez, D.E., Fernandez-Quezada, D., Casillas-Munoz, F.A.G., Carrillo-Ballesteros, F.J., Ortega-Prieto, A.M., Jimenez-Guardeno, J.M., and Regla-Nava, J.A. (2023). Human Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Strategies. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070947"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S., Ahmed, A., Ahsan, O., Muhammad, K., and Waheed, Y. (2023). Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Overview of Viral Pathology, Immune Response, and Antiviral Strategies. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11081345"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahmatyar, M., Fazlollahi, A., Motamedi, A., Zolfi, M., Seyedi, F., Nejadghaderi, S.A., Sullman, M.J.M., Mohammadinasab, R., Kolahi, A.A., and Arshi, S. (2023). Human monkeypox: History, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1157670"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254407","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2254407","article-title":"Clinical, epidemiological, and virological features of Mpox in Beijing, China\u201431 May\u201321 June 2023","volume":"12","author":"Dou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44092-3","article-title":"Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the first local monkeypox virus cluster in Guangdong Province, China","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Nitiyanontakij, R., Reawrang, S., Kaewsawang, P., Suwanwattana, P., Prasithsirikul, W., Pongpirul, W., and Sunchatawirul, K. (2024, September 04). Monkeypox Virus Isolate Monkeypox Virus\/Human\/Thailand\/DDCBIDI-002\/2024, Partial Genome, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nucleotide\/PQ281491.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=16&RID=RCF63DGA016."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.05.030","article-title":"Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin","volume":"340","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutson, C.L., Abel, J.A., Carroll, D.S., Olson, V.A., Braden, Z.H., Hughes, C.M., Dillon, M., Hopkins, C., Karem, K.L., and Damon, I.K. (2010). Comparison of West African and Congo Basin monkeypox viruses in BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 mice. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008912"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sah, R., Abdelaal, A., Reda, A., Katamesh, B.E., Manirambona, E., Abdelmonem, H., Mehta, R., Rabaan, A.A., Alhumaid, S., and Alfouzan, W.A. (2022). Monkeypox and Its Possible Sexual Transmission: Where Are We Now with Its Evidence?. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202207.0314.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800589105","article-title":"Monkeypox virus evades antiviral CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses by suppressing cognate T cell activation","volume":"105","author":"Hammarlund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6710a5","article-title":"Emergence of Monkeypox\u2014West and Central Africa, 1970\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"Durski","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Leng, P., and Zhou, H. (2023). Global transmission of monkeypox virus-a potential threat under the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1174223"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Chaudhary, B., Yadav, N., Devi, S., Pareek, A., Alla, S., Kajal, F., Nowrouzi-Kia, B., Chattu, V.K., and Gupta, M.M. (2023). Recent Advances in Research and Management of Human Monkeypox Virus: An Emerging Global Health Threat. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040937"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, May 21). Multi-Country Monkeypox Outbreak in Non-Endemic Countries. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON385."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/1\/102\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:32:17Z","timestamp":1759919537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/1\/102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14010102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14010102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}}}