{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:31:57Z","timestamp":1790980317141,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)","award":["CB21\/13\/00100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00100"]}]},{"name":"Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)","award":["2022CLISA26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CLISA26"]}]},{"name":"Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain","award":["CB21\/13\/00100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00100"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain","award":["2022CLISA26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CLISA26"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}]},{"name":"Cabildo Insular de Tenerife 2023\u20132028","award":["CB21\/13\/00100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00100"]}]},{"name":"Cabildo Insular de Tenerife 2023\u20132028","award":["2022CLISA26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CLISA26"]}]},{"name":"Cabildo Insular de Tenerife 2023\u20132028","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Spain","award":["CB21\/13\/00100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00100"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Spain","award":["2022CLISA26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CLISA26"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Spain","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012000","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cajacanarias y Fundaci\u00f3n Bancaria la Caixa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB21\/13\/00100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012000","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cajacanarias y Fundaci\u00f3n Bancaria la Caixa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022CLISA26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CLISA26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012000","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cajacanarias y Fundaci\u00f3n Bancaria la Caixa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB21\/13\/00100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022CLISA26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CLISA26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union that finance the actions of The Resilience and Recovery Facility","award":["CB21\/13\/00100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00100"]}]},{"name":"European Union that finance the actions of The Resilience and Recovery Facility","award":["2022CLISA26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CLISA26"]}]},{"name":"European Union that finance the actions of The Resilience and Recovery Facility","award":["PMP22\/00092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00092"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions globally, with limited treatment options available. Current therapies, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, present challenges, including their toxicity, side effects, and inefficacy in the chronic phase. This study explores the potential of drug repurposing as a strategy to identify new treatments for T. cruzi, focusing on compounds from the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) COVID Box. An initial screening of 160 compounds identified eight with trypanocidal activity, with almitrine and bortezomib showing the highest efficacy. Both compounds demonstrated significant activity against the epimastigote and amastigote stages of the parasite and showed no cytotoxicity in murine macrophage cells. Key features of programmed cell death (PCD), such as chromatin condensation, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, and reactive oxygen species accumulation, were observed in T. cruzi treated with these compounds. The potential to induce controlled cell death of these two compounds in T. cruzi suggests they are promising candidates for further research. This study reinforces drug repurposing as a viable approach to discovering novel treatments for neglected tropical diseases like Chagas disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T04:36:51Z","timestamp":1738557411000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Repurposing COVID-19 Compounds (via MMV COVID Box): Almitrine and Bortezomib Induce Programmed Cell Death in Trypanosoma cruzi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Bethencourt-Estrella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez, S\/N, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Pediatr\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Toxicolog\u00eda, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atteneri","family":"L\u00f3pez-Arencibia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez, S\/N, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Pediatr\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Toxicolog\u00eda, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Lorenzo-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez, S\/N, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Pediatr\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Toxicolog\u00eda, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez, S\/N, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Pediatr\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Toxicolog\u00eda, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Laguna, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, September 18). WHO Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/chagas-disease#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1410150","article-title":"Chagas\u2019 Disease","volume":"373","author":"Bern","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60061-X","article-title":"Chagas Disease","volume":"375","author":"Rassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1086\/656917","article-title":"Tolerance and Safety of Nifurtimox in Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease","volume":"51","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711014105","article-title":"A Mechanism for Cross-Resistance to Nifurtimox and Benznidazole in Trypanosomes","volume":"105","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.02.002","article-title":"Drug Repurposing and Human Parasitic Protozoan Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210207","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760210207","article-title":"Medicines for Malaria Venture COVID Box: A Source for Repurposing Drugs with Antifungal Activity against Human Pathogenic Fungi","volume":"116","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., Bethencourt-Estrella, C.J., San Nicol\u00e1s-Hern\u00e1ndez, D., Lorenzo-Morales, J., and Pi\u00f1ero, J.E. (2024). Anti-COVID Drugs (MMV COVID Box) as Leishmanicidal Agents: Unveiling New Therapeutic Horizons. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030266"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100545","article-title":"Exploring Therapeutic Approaches against Naegleria Fowleri Infections through the COVID Box","volume":"25","author":"Sifaoui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.050161","article-title":"Mitochondria-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Programmed Cell Death Induced by 3,3\u2019-Diindolylmethane through Inhibition of F0F1-ATP Synthase in Unicellular Protozoan Parasite Leishmania Donovani","volume":"74","author":"Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.13.2461","article-title":"Hydrogen Peroxide Induces Apoptosis-like Death in Leishmania Donovani Promastigotes","volume":"114","author":"Das","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reece, S.E., Pollitt, L.C., Colegrave, N., and Gardner, A. (2011). The Meaning of Death: Evolution and Ecology of Apoptosis in Protozoan Parasites. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002320"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cartuche, L., Sifaoui, I., L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., Bethencourt-Estrella, C.J., San Nicol\u00e1s-Hern\u00e1ndez, D., Lorenzo-Morales, J., Pi\u00f1ero, J.E., D\u00edaz-Marrero, A.R., and Fern\u00e1ndez, J.J. (2020). Antikinetoplastid Activity of Indolocarbazoles from Streptomyces Sanyensis. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040657"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"San Nicol\u00e1s-Hern\u00e1ndez, D., Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lvarez, E., Bethencourt-Estrella, C.J., L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., Sifaoui, I., Bazzocchi, I.L., Lorenzo-Morales, J., Jim\u00e9nez, I.A., and Pi\u00f1ero, J.E. (2023). Multi-Target Withaferin-A Analogues as Promising Anti-Kinetoplastid Agents through the Programmed Cell Death. Biomed. Pharmacother., 164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114879"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeouk, I., Sifaoui, I., L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., Reyes-Batlle, M., Bethencourt-Estrella, C.J., Bazzocchi, I.L., Bekhti, K., Lorenzo-Morales, J., Jim\u00e9nez, I.A., and Pi\u00f1ero, J.E. (2020). Sesquiterpenoids and Flavonoids from Inula Viscosa Induce Programmed Cell Death in Kinetoplastids. Biomed. Pharmacother., 130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110518"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethencourt-Estrella, C.J., Nocchi, N., L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., San Nicol\u00e1s-Hern\u00e1ndez, D., Souto, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-G\u00f3mez, B., D\u00edaz-Marrero, A.R., Fern\u00e1ndez, J.J., Lorenzo-Morales, J., and Pi\u00f1ero, J.E. (2021). Antikinetoplastid Activity of Sesquiterpenes Isolated from the Zoanthid Palythoa Aff. Clavata. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14111095"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicol\u00e1s-Hern\u00e1ndez, D.S., Rodr\u00edguez-Exp\u00f3sito, R.L., L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., Bethencourt-Estrella, C.J., Sifaoui, I., Salazar-Villatoro, L., Oma\u00f1a-Molina, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, J.J., D\u00edaz-Marrero, A.R., and Pi\u00f1ero, J.E. (2023). Meroterpenoids from Gongolaria Abies-Marina against Kinetoplastids: In Vitro Activity and Programmed Cell Death Study. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040476"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethencourt-Estrella, C.J., Delgado-Hern\u00e1ndez, S., L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., San Nicol\u00e1s-Hern\u00e1ndez, D., Tejedor, D., Garc\u00eda-Tellado, F., Lorenzo-Morales, J., and Pi\u00f1ero, J.E. (2022). In Vitro Activity and Cell Death Mechanism Induced by Acrylonitrile Derivatives against Leishmania Amazonensis. Bioorg. Chem., 124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.105872"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethencourt-Estrella, C.J., L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., Lorenzo-Morales, J., and Pi\u00f1ero, J.E. (2024). Global Health Priority Box: Discovering Flucofuron as a Promising Antikinetoplastid Compound. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17050554"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daina, A., Michielin, O., and Zoete, V. (2017). SwissADME: A Free Web Tool to Evaluate Pharmacokinetics, Drug-Likeness and Medicinal Chemistry Friendliness of Small Molecules. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42717"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2014.050","article-title":"P-Glycoprotein and Its Role in Drug-Drug Interactions","volume":"37","author":"Finch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldwaser, E., Laurent, C., Lagarde, N., Fabrega, S., Nay, L., Villoutreix, B.O., Jelsch, C., Nicot, A.B., Loriot, M.-A., and Miteva, M.A. (2022). Machine Learning-Driven Identification of Drugs Inhibiting Cytochrome P450 2C9. PLoS Comput. Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009820"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01947","article-title":"Repurposing of Terconazole as an Anti Trypanosoma Cruzi Agent","volume":"5","author":"Reigada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1370-2","article-title":"Cell Death Pathways in Pathogenic Trypanosomatids: Lessons of (over)Kill","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.06.004","article-title":"Protozoan Parasites: Programmed Cell Death as a Mechanism of Parasitism","volume":"23","author":"Bruchhaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, K. (2013). Bortezomib for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010816"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, C., San Francisco, J., Guti\u00e9rrez, B., and Gonz\u00e1lez, J. (2015). Role of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Systems in the Biology and Virulence of Protozoan Parasites. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/141526"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.53.2.330","article-title":"Effects of Almitrine Bismesylate on the Ionic Currents of Chemoreceptor Cells from the Carotid Body","volume":"53","author":"Canet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, B.R., Ramos, A.B.d.S.B., de Menezes, R.P.B., Scotti, M.T., Colombo, F.A., Marques, M.J., and Reim\u00e3o, J.Q. (2023). Repurposing the Medicines for Malaria Venture\u2019s COVID Box to Discover Potent Inhibitors of Toxoplasma Gondii, and in Vivo Efficacy Evaluation of Almitrine Bismesylate (MMV1804175) in Chronically Infected Mice. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288335"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sifaoui, I., Rodr\u00edguez-Exp\u00f3sito, R.L., Reyes-Batlle, M., Sutak, R., Pi\u00f1ero, J.E., and Lorenzo-Morales, J. (2024). Amoebicidal Effect of COVID Box Molecules against Acanthamoeba: A Study of Cell Death. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17060808"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-29","article-title":"Trypanocidal Activity of the Proteasome Inhibitor and Anti-Cancer Drug Bortezomib","volume":"2","author":"Steverding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050691f","article-title":"Amiodarone Has Intrinsic Anti-Trypanosoma ruzi Activity and Acts Synergistically with Posaconazole","volume":"49","author":"Benaim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00273-X","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Activities of Ravuconazole on Trypanosoma Cruzi, the Causative Agent of Chagas Disease","volume":"21","author":"Urbina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314388","article-title":"Almitrine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy and Weight Loss","volume":"236","author":"Gherardi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1994.tb01493.x","article-title":"In Vitro Activity of Mitochondrial ATP Synthetase Inhibitors Against Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"41","author":"Basco","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, J.M., El Bissati, K., Brandenburg, J., G\u00fcnzl, A., and Mamoun, C. (2007). Ben Antimalarial Activity of the Anticancer and Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib and Its Analog ZL3B. BMC Clin. Pharmacol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6904-7-13"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.08.001","article-title":"Validation of Babesia Proteasome as a Drug Target","volume":"8","author":"Jalovecka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/2\/127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:25:25Z","timestamp":1760027125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/2\/127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14020127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14020127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}