{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:53:25Z","timestamp":1780494805616,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flea-borne typhus (FBT), due to Rickettsia typhi and R. felis, is an infection typically causing fever, headache, rash, hepatitis, and thrombocytopenia. About one quarter of patients suffer pulmonary, neurologic, hematologic, renal, hepatic, cardiac, ocular or other complications. In the 21st century, the incidence of FBT has increased in both Texas and California compared to the 1990s. In this paper, county-level epidemiological data for the number of cases of FBT occurring in Texas for two decades, 1990\u20131999 and 2010\u20132019, were compared with respect to county of residence, urbanization, and climatic region. Human population growth in Texas has promoted FBT by increased urbanization and the abundance of pet dogs and cats, stray\/feral dogs and cats, and opossums. Increasing temperatures in Texas in the new millennium have increased the flea-borne transmission of FBT by promoting host infestation and flea feeding and defecation, accelerating the flea life cycle, and increasing rickettsial replication within the flea. Increased numbers of opossums and stray cats and dogs in the urban\/suburban landscape have increased the risk of flea transfer to humans and their pets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T04:47:31Z","timestamp":1738817251000},"page":"154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A One Health Perspective on the Resurgence of Flea-Borne Typhus in Texas in the 21st Century: Part 1: The Bacteria, the Cat Flea, Urbanization, and Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5473-9375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Anstead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Blvd, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Depatment of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.10.018","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: A systematic review","volume":"166","author":"Tsioutis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0118","article-title":"Case report: Early doxycycline therapy for potential rickettsiosis in critically ill patients in flea-borne typhus endemic areas","volume":"101","author":"Chueng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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