{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:44:15Z","timestamp":1792806255207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Algeria, and was carried out within the Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers, Algeria","award":["D01N01UN170120200002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D01N01UN170120200002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jk75847","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important foodborne diseases in humans, potentially acquired by ingesting unpasteurized goat milk. This study examined the role of goat milk as a source of infection of Toxoplasma gondii for humans in Algeria. Sera, blood, and milk samples collected from 106 female goats were tested for the presence of antibodies against T. gondii and its DNA, using indirect ELISA and PCR, respectively. Multiplex PCR was performed using 15 microsatellite markers to determine the clonal type of the T. gondii DNA detected. Seropositive results were found in 51 she-goats (48.11%). T. gondii DNA was detected in 16 (15.09%) and 15 (14.15%) blood and milk samples, respectively. In total, 15 (29.41%) out of 51-seropositive goats were PCR-positive for blood, while only 6 of them (6\/15, 40%) showed the presence of T. gondii DNA in their milk. A fair correlation was found between indirect ELISA and PCR assays for T. gondii detection in milk (K = 0.2243) and blood (K = 0.28300), with a substantial difference in the screening ability of the tests (G2 = 38.96, p &lt; 0.0001). The genotyping of samples could not be completed, but showed the absence of type I and type III lineages in goats from the Mila region, northeastern Algeria. The Algerian goat population is highly exposed to T. gondii, with a potentially increased risk of parasite transmission to humans via milk consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T04:44:03Z","timestamp":1739162643000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["First Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in Blood and Milk of Goats from Algeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1584-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdeldjalil","family":"Dahmane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene and Quality Assurance System (HASAQ) Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Higher National Veterinary School, Issad Abbas Street, Bab Ezzouar, 16000 Algiers, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, 17000 Djelfa, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Vismarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Unit, Department of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6752-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Passebosc-Faure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence (CNR) Toxoplasmose, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Limoges, Inserm U1094, IRD UMR270, Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, EpiMaCT, 87042 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nassiba","family":"Reghaissia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Annaba Road, 41000 Souk Ahras, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1943-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djamel","family":"Baroudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Hygiene and Quality Assurance System (HASAQ) Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Higher National Veterinary School, Issad Abbas Street, Bab Ezzouar, 16000 Algiers, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6734-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houssem","family":"Samari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of M\u2019sila, 28000 M\u2019sila, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Semeraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Unit, Department of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Yera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence (CNR) Toxoplasmose, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Limoges, Inserm U1094, IRD UMR270, Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, EpiMaCT, 87042 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0406-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"AbdElkarim","family":"Laatamna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, 17000 Djelfa, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11423","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601438103","article-title":"Globalization and the Population Structure of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"103","author":"Lehmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. 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