{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:25:13Z","timestamp":1785338713484,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP)","award":["PI18\/01751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01751"]}]},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP)","award":["2021 SGR 0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 0070"]}]},{"name":"Programa 2 (PREVICET)","award":["PI18\/01751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01751"]}]},{"name":"Programa 2 (PREVICET)","award":["2021 SGR 0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 0070"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Institute of Health Carlos III","award":["PI18\/01751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01751"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Institute of Health Carlos III","award":["2021 SGR 0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 0070"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["PI18\/01751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01751"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["2021 SGR 0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 0070"]}]},{"name":"AGAUR","award":["PI18\/01751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01751"]}]},{"name":"AGAUR","award":["2021 SGR 0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 0070"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Exposure time to a tuberculosis (TB) index case may be a marker of a recent latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) risk. The aim of this study was to determine the LTBI risk involved in immigrant contact based on exposure time to pulmonary TB index cases. Methods: We conducted a 30-month LTBI prevalence study of pulmonary TB immigrant contacts in Catalonia (1 January 2019\u201330 June 2021). Contacts with LTBI were identified by means of the tuberculin skin test and\/or interferon gamma release assay. Variables associated with LTBI in contacts were analysed using adjusted OR (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) values. Results: LTBI prevalence was 37.4% (939\/2509). Prevalence was higher in men than women (40.6% versus 33.5%; p &lt; 0.001), and in all age groups, relative to children &lt;5 years (12.2%; p &lt; 0.001)). Prevalence increased with exposure time to the index case; relative to &lt;6 h\/week exposure, LTBI risk was greater for both \u22656 h\/day (aOR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.5\u20132.6) and &lt;6 h\/day but \u22656 h\/week (aOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1\u20132.2). Conclusions: The LTBI risk in immigrant contacts increases with recent exposure time to the index case, and may suggest recent LTBI in immigrants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T09:29:26Z","timestamp":1739179766000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exposure Time to a Tuberculosis Index Case as a Marker of Infection in Immigrant Populations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Godoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e9dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut, 25600 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miquel","family":"Alsed\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e9dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignasi","family":"Parr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan-Pau","family":"Millet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorcio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 20029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Tuberculosis Research Unit Foundation, 08008 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3891-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan A.","family":"Cayl\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Tuberculosis Research Unit Foundation, 08008 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Follia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Carol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angels","family":"Orcau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0794-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorcio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 20029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Ferr\u00fas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4424-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere","family":"Plans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 20029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Barrabeig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9522-7870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Clotet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0219-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorcio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 20029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5977-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaume","family":"March-Llanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Psicologia, Sociologia i Treball Social, Universitat de Lleida, 25001 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2896-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e9dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 20029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitari de Santa Maria, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Transmission of Tuberculosis in Catalonia (Spain) Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2023.09.002","article-title":"Tuberculosis Elimination: Myth or achievable target?","volume":"59","author":"Centis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Framework Towards Tuberculosis Elimination in Low-Incidence Countries, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe (2020). Tuberculosis Elimination in the WHO European Region: Review of Key Actions, with a Special Focus on Tuberculosis Infection Management, WHO Regional Office for Europe."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). Global Tuberculosis Report 2023, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"ECDC (2018). Programmatic Management of Latent Tuberculosis Infection."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4967","article-title":"Screening for Latent tuberculosis infection among non-US-born adults in the US: A path toward elimination","volume":"329","author":"Shete","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1405427","article-title":"Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"372","author":"Getahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00070812","article-title":"Contact investigation for tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01245-2015","article-title":"Management of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: WHO guidelines for low tuberculosis burden countries","volume":"46","author":"Getahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00201609","article-title":"Tuberculosis contact investigation in low prevalence countries: A European consensus","volume":"36","author":"Erkens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700209","article-title":"Household-contact investigation for detection of tuberculosis in Vietnam","volume":"378","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.8.991","article-title":"Evaluation of investigations conducted to detect and prevent transmission of tuberculosis","volume":"287","author":"Reichler","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.4.405","article-title":"Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States","volume":"300","author":"Cain","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"414","article-title":"Tuberculosis outbreak: Significance of exposure time versus proximity to infection source","volume":"108","author":"Godoy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Cl\u00edn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.5.954","article-title":"How contagious is tuberculosis?","volume":"23","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005). Guidelines for the investigation of contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis. Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC. MMWR, 54, 1\u201347."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Abubakar, I., Barreira, D., Borroto-Gutierrez, S.M., Bruchfeld, J., Burhan, E., Cavalcante, S., Cedillos, R., Bin-Eng Chee, C., Chaisson, R., and Chesire, L. (2024, December 08). Guidelines on the Management of Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Geneva, Switzerland. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241548908."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30423-2","article-title":"A household-level score to predict the risk of tuberculosis among contacts of patients with tuberculosis: A derivation and external validation prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Saunders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Espinilla, L., del Mar, M., Alguacil, H.M., Medina Maestro, S., Peque\u00f1o Saco, S., and Sicart Torres, E. (2025, February 06). Informe Anual 2022. Situaci\u00f3 Epidemiol\u00f2gica i Tend\u00e8ncia de l\u2019end\u00e8mia Tuberculosa a Catalunya. Prevenci\u00f3 i Control de La Tuberculosi a Catalunya. 2024. Generalitat de Catalunya. Departament de Salut, Ag\u00e8ncia de Salut P\u00fablica de Catalunya. Barcelona. Available online: https:\/\/scientiasalut.gencat.cat\/bitstream\/handle\/11351\/11216\/tuberculosi_catalunya_2022.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2024.01.004","article-title":"Risk of tuberculosis among pulmonary tuberculosis contacts: The importance of time of exposure to index cases","volume":"91","author":"Godoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Jan\u00e9, M., and Rod\u00e9s, A. (2024, December 08). Recomanacions per a la realitzaci\u00f3 d\u2019estudis de contactes de malalts amb tuberculosi a Catalunya. Barcelona. Available online: https:\/\/scientiasalut.gencat.cat\/handle\/11351\/3371?show=full&locale-attribute=es."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1044","article-title":"Duration of exposure among close contacts of patients with infectious tuberculosis and risk of latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"71","author":"Reichler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ospina, J.E., Orcau, \u00c0., Millet, J., S\u00e1nchez, F., Casals, M., and Cayl\u00e0, J.A. (2012). Community health workers improve contact tracing among immigrants with tuberculosis in Barcelona. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-158"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30216-X","article-title":"The cascade of care in diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Alsdurf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz438","article-title":"Risk factors for tuberculosis and effect of preventive therapy among close contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis","volume":"70","author":"Reichler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817002588","article-title":"A highly transmissible tuberculosis outbreak: The importance of bars","volume":"145","author":"Godoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Grupo de Estudio de Contactos de la Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Tuberculosis de Barcelona [UITB] (1999). Documento de consenso sobre el estudio de contactos en los pacientes tuberculosos. Med. Cl\u00edn., 112, 151\u2013156."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2024, December 08). Risk Assessment Guideline s for Infectious Diseases Transmitted on Aircraft (RAGIDA). Technical Report. Tuberculosis, Available online: http:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications\/Publications\/tuberculosis-risk-assessment-guidelines-aircraft-May-2014.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy265","article-title":"Risk and timing of tuberculosis among close contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis","volume":"218","author":"Reichler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"430","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological aspects of smoking and tuberculosis: A study of 13 038 cases","volume":"9","author":"Alcaide","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patra, J., Bhatia, M., Suraweera, W., Morris, S.K., Patra, C., Gupta, P.C., and Jha, P. (2015). Exposure to second-hand smoke and the risk of tuberculosis in children and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 observational studies. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001835"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817003041","article-title":"Risk factors for infectiousness of patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta- analysis","volume":"146","author":"Melsew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19153","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.11.19153-en","article-title":"Effectiveness of tuberculosis contact tracing among migrants and the foreign-born population","volume":"14","author":"Mulder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.12.016","article-title":"Tuberculosis screening for prospective migrants to high-income countries: Systematic review of policies","volume":"168","author":"Hine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0845","article-title":"Tuberculosis in migrants in low-incidence countries: Epidemiology and intervention entry points","volume":"21","author":"Mor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103018","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03018-2021","article-title":"The identification of prevalent tuberculosis disease through infection screening among high-risk migrants in the Netherlands","volume":"59","author":"Spruijt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01157-2016","article-title":"Risk of developing tuberculosis disease among persons diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection in the Netherlands","volume":"48","author":"Erkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102077","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02077-2021","article-title":"Tailored approaches facilitate high completion of tuberculosis infection treatment among migrants","volume":"59","author":"Spruijt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"taae037","article-title":"Tuberculosis among children visiting friends & relatives","volume":"37","author":"Pujol","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00214014","article-title":"Towards tuberculosis elimination: An action framework for low-incidence countries","volume":"45","author":"Migliori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202396","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02396-2022","article-title":"Drivers determining tuberculosis disease screening yield in four European screening programmes: A comparative analysis","volume":"62","author":"Zenner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx025","article-title":"Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in households and the community: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"185","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1901656","article-title":"Ending tuberculosis through prevention","volume":"380","author":"Saunders","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/2\/175\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:30:27Z","timestamp":1760027427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/2\/175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14020175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14020175","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]}}}