{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:54:41Z","timestamp":1760057681684,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ASOCIACI\u00d3N IPVS M\u00c9XICO 2014","award":["2023\/003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a ubiquitous pathogen, and co-infections with the emerging PCV3 are increasingly reported. Both PCV2 and PCV3 have been implicated in reproductive failure, yet the diagnostic criteria for PCV3 remain under development. While fetal or neonatal antibody detection is a recognized indicator of transplacental infection in multiple species, PCV2 appears to be an exception due to the possible transfer of maternal antibodies. This study evaluated IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies in the heart, kidney, lung, and spleen of aborted fetuses from sows co-infected with PCV2 and PCV3. PCR analysis revealed that all aborted fetuses were positive for both PCV2 and PCV3, with PCV3 Ct values being generally lower than those of PCV2, although this difference was not statistically significant. Antibody profiling showed a higher prevalence of anti-PCV3 IgM and IgA compared to anti-PCV2 IgM and IgA, particularly in the heart, kidney, and lung, while IgG responses against both viruses were similar. These findings suggest that the detection of anti-PCV3 antibodies in fetal tissues may provide supportive evidence of PCV2 and PCV3 infection and the possible involvement of these viruses in reproductive failure; however, further studies are needed to establish causation definitively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T04:40:25Z","timestamp":1739767225000},"page":"198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of IgM, IgA, and IgG Antibody Responses Against PCV3 and PCV2 in Tissues of Aborted Fetuses from Late-Term Co-Infected Sows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5131-3600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda y Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT de Generaci\u00f3n de Vacunas y Servicios de Diagn\u00f3stico (LNC-GVD), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, SON, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1821-7641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Henao-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Bachoco, Unidad de Negocios Cerdo, Calaya 38000, GTO, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4396-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Res\u00e9ndiz-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda y Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT de Generaci\u00f3n de Vacunas y Servicios de Diagn\u00f3stico (LNC-GVD), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, SON, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Mor\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda y Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT de Generaci\u00f3n de Vacunas y Servicios de Diagn\u00f3stico (LNC-GVD), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, SON, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Cota-Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Bachoco, Unidad de Negocios Cerdo, Calaya 38000, GTO, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Mata-Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, SON, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4407-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Gim\u00e9nez-Lirola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnosis and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198044","article-title":"Porcine circoviruses: Current status, knowledge gaps and challenges","volume":"286","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01053-w","article-title":"Current knowledge on epidemiology and evolution of novel porcine circovirus 4","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. 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