{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:17:12Z","timestamp":1789139832579,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Government\u2019s Investissement d\u2019Avenir program, Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cIntegrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases\u201d","award":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"French Government\u2019s Investissement d\u2019Avenir program, Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cIntegrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases\u201d","award":["0300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0300"]}]},{"name":"French Government\u2019s Investissement d\u2019Avenir program, Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cIntegrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases\u201d","award":["P 36130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 36130"]}]},{"name":"French Government\u2019s Investissement d\u2019Avenir program, Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cIntegrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases\u201d","award":["2022\/08257\u20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08257\u20130"]}]},{"name":"French Government\u2019s Investissement d\u2019Avenir program, Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cIntegrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases\u201d","award":["309733\/2018\u20139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309733\/2018\u20139"]}]},{"name":"Collectivit\u00e9 de Corse","award":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"Collectivit\u00e9 de Corse","award":["0300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0300"]}]},{"name":"Collectivit\u00e9 de Corse","award":["P 36130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 36130"]}]},{"name":"Collectivit\u00e9 de Corse","award":["2022\/08257\u20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08257\u20130"]}]},{"name":"Collectivit\u00e9 de Corse","award":["309733\/2018\u20139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309733\/2018\u20139"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","award":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","award":["0300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0300"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","award":["P 36130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 36130"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","award":["2022\/08257\u20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08257\u20130"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","award":["309733\/2018\u20139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309733\/2018\u20139"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["0300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0300"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["P 36130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 36130"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["2022\/08257\u20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08257\u20130"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["309733\/2018\u20139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309733\/2018\u20139"]}]},{"name":"CNPq research productivity fellowship","award":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABEX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"CNPq research productivity fellowship","award":["0300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0300"]}]},{"name":"CNPq research productivity fellowship","award":["P 36130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 36130"]}]},{"name":"CNPq research productivity fellowship","award":["2022\/08257\u20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/08257\u20130"]}]},{"name":"CNPq research productivity fellowship","award":["309733\/2018\u20139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309733\/2018\u20139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explored the effects of antimicrobiota vaccines on the acquisition of Borrelia and Rickettsia, and on the microbiota composition of Ixodes ricinus ticks. Using a murine model, we investigated the immunological responses to live Staphylococcus epidermidis and multi-antigenic peptide (MAP) vaccines. Immunized mice were infected with either Borrelia afzelii or Rickettsia helvetica, and subsequently infested with pathogen-free I. ricinus nymphs. We monitored the tick feeding behavior, survival rates, and infection levels. Additionally, we employed comprehensive microbiota analyses, including the alpha and beta diversity assessments and microbial co-occurrence network construction. Our results indicate that both live S. epidermidis and MAP vaccines elicited significant antibody responses in mice, with notable bactericidal effects against S. epidermidis. The vaccination altered the feeding patterns and fitness of the ticks, with the Live vaccine group showing a higher weight and faster feeding time. Microbiota analysis revealed significant shifts in the beta diversity between vaccine groups, with distinct microbial networks and taxa abundances observed. Notably, the MAP vaccine group exhibited a more robust and complex network structure, while the Live vaccine group demonstrated resilience to microbial perturbations. However, the effects of antimicrobiota vaccination on Borrelia acquisition appeared taxon-dependent, as inferred from our results and previous findings on microbiota-driven pathogen refractoriness. Staphylococcus-based vaccines altered the microbiota composition but had no effect on B. afzelii infection, and yielded inconclusive results for R. helvetica. In contrast, previous studies suggest that E. coli-based microbiota modulation can induce a pathogen-refractory state, highlighting the importance of both bacterial species and peptide selection in shaping microbiota-driven pathogen susceptibility. However, a direct comparison under identical experimental conditions across multiple taxa is required to confirm this taxon-specific effect. These findings suggest that antimicrobiota vaccination influences tick fitness and microbiota assembly, but its effects on pathogen transmission depend on the bacterial taxon targeted and the selected peptide epitopes. This research provides insights into the need for strategic bacterial taxon selection to enhance vaccine efficacy in controlling tick-borne diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:03:17Z","timestamp":1740024197000},"page":"206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Live and Peptide-Based Antimicrobiota Vaccines on Ixodes ricinus Fitness, Microbiota, and Acquisition of Tick-Borne Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Apolline","family":"Maitre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"UR 0045 Laboratoire de Recherches Sur Le D\u00e9veloppement de L\u2019Elevage (SELMET-LRDE), INRAE, 20250 Corte, France"},{"name":"EA 7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Universit\u00e9 de Corse, 20250 Corte, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9566-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Mateos-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8962-2158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myriam","family":"Kratou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Egri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei d\u2019Immunologia, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Maye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEPPIC Paris La D\u00e9fense, 92250 La Garenne Colombes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3064-1648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manel","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei d\u2019Immunologia, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Hod\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5786-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasiel","family":"Obreg\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1H 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1305-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianet","family":"Abuin-Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31 Between 158 and 190, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6926-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elianne","family":"Piloto-Sardinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San Jos\u00e9 de las Lajas 32700, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Foga\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cabezas-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.633","article-title":"Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. 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