{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:46:43Z","timestamp":1787842003487,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["EQU2023101000018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQU2023101000018"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["AUX2024361000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUX2024361000033"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["EQU2023101000018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQU2023101000018"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["AUX2024361000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUX2024361000033"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Goi\u00e1s","award":["EQU2023101000018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQU2023101000018"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Goi\u00e1s","award":["AUX2024361000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUX2024361000033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The risk of zoonotic parasitic infections is closely linked to direct and indirect interactions between animals and humans. The mutual coexistence of species in public spaces predisposes individuals to gastrointestinal parasitosis owing to various social and hygienic-sanitary factors. This study aimed to assess the risk of environmental contamination by gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples collected from parks and public squares in 18 municipalities located in a microregion of the central plateau of Brazil, correlating the collection with the population size of each municipality. We collected 536 soil fecal samples from 117 randomly selected public areas across a 56,111.874 km2 region. Eggs, cysts, and oocysts were detected using the Willis flotation technique and the Hoffman\u2019s spontaneous sedimentation method. The Hoffman\u2019s analysis revealed that 70.3% of the fecal samples were infected across 91.5% of the sampled areas. Identified parasites included the members of the family Ancylostomatidae (56.5%), Toxocara spp. (6.2%), Trichuris spp. (1.7%), Strongyloides spp. (0.2%), Dipylidium caninum (25.8%), Spirometra spp. (0.4%), Taeniidae (0.2%), Platynosomum fastosum (0.6%), Trematoda (0.2%), Giardia spp. (3.2%), Cystoisospora spp. (5.6%), Sarcocystis spp. (0.2%), and Entamoeba spp. (2.4%). The presence of positive fecal samples in public areas and municipalities correlated with populations of up to 10,000 inhabitants (p = 0.023). Areas contaminated with feces were 63.4% more likely to contain parasites than other areas (odds ratio 1.6336). Favorable environmental factors combined with inadequate sanitary management contribute to a high risk of environmental contamination, representing a significant zoonotic potential and highlighting the need for improved public health policies and preventive measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T06:39:07Z","timestamp":1740119947000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Risk of Environmental Contamination by Gastrointestinal Parasites in Public Areas of the Central Plateau Microregion of Brazil: A Public Health Concern"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ana Julia de Almeida","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Caroline da Silva","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zara Mariana de","family":"Assis-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Oliveira","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna Samara","family":"Alves-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomical Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raiany Borges","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3664-6917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iago de S\u00e1","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoly Ferreira de","family":"Urzedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizandra","family":"Fernandes-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Carvalho","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samara Moreira","family":"Felizarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Basic Unit, University Center of Mineiros, Mineiros 75833-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayra Parreira","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Basic Unit, University Center of Mineiros, Mineiros 75833-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8493-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus Casaro","family":"Saturnino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomical Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanstter Hallison Alves","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ros\u00e2ngela Maria","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9603-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirceu Guilherme de Souza","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00cdsis Assis","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"},{"name":"Biosciences Basic Unit, University Center of Mineiros, Mineiros 75833-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011721","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612021080","article-title":"Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs and cats domiciliated in Santos, SP, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. 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