{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:56:46Z","timestamp":1760057806290,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bergen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary and post-primary TB are distinct entities. Primary TB occurs when the patient is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) for the first time without prior immunity, and post-primary TB occurs when the patient has developed immunity against the primary infection. Post-primary TB occurs only in humans. It accounts for 80% of all clinical cases and nearly 100% of transmissions of infection. Early lesions of post-primary TB are reversible, and studying it using modern immunological tools holds the key to developing preventive or treatment strategies. Human lung tissue from untreated TB patients was acquired from pathology archives stored at the Gades Institute of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, from 1931 to 1947. Manual immunohistochemistry was performed for macrophage (CD68, CD64 and CD163), T cells (CD3 and CD8), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9), and markers for programmed death-pathway PD\/PDL-1. Digital quantification was performed using Qupath software. In early lesions of post-primary TB, macrophages showed mixed-phenotype M1 and M2, expressed PDL-1, and were compartmentalized in the alveolar space. T-cells expressed PD-1 and were compartmentalized in the interstitial wall surrounding early lesions. MTB antigens and MMP-9 were also found in early lesions. As the lesion progressed towards necrosis, macrophages showed predominant M1 morphology, and expressions of PDL-1, PD-1, CD8+ cells, and MTB antigens increased. In the early lesions of post-primary TB, the compartmentalization of macrophages in the alveoli and T cells in the interstitium was shown. The PDL-PD1 pathway probably facilitated the mycobacterial growth by evading host immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T06:13:18Z","timestamp":1740463998000},"page":"224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Early Lesions of Human Post-Primary Tuberculosis and Its Progression to Necrosis Using Archival Material of the Pre-Antibiotic Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3485-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syeda Mariam","family":"Riaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Hanevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"National Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Medical Department, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisbet","family":"Sviland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9822-1191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tehmina","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-194512000-00025","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis in the adult. 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