{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T11:50:46Z","timestamp":1792237846439,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR001860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR001860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) and Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis (FCGS) are two oral inflammatory diseases in cats with unknown etiology. Both conditions present with severe inflammation of the oral cavity and in FCGS it is found with additional deterioration of the non-keratinized mucosa. The oral microbiome is increasingly implicated in disease progression, but little is known about shifts in the microbial community during the AP and FCGS progression. To that end, we used deep metagenomic sequencing with total RNA on three longitudinal samples of the oral microbiome in a cat first diagnosed with AP that progressed to FCGS. This deep sequencing approach revealed that increased diversity at both the genus and species levels marked the shift from AP to FCGS, including increases in Porphyromonas and Treponema species, and decreased Streptobacillus species. The metatranscriptomes were then probed for expression of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors. Disease-related genes that include cheY, and ompP5 were expressed in early AP and FCGS, while others like galU were only expressed in one or the other disease state. Both genus and species-level shifts were observed along the longitudinal microbiome samples with a noted increase in species diversity in the FCGS-associated microbiome. Corroborating that functional shifts accompany taxonomic changes, the AMR and virulence factor expression similarly changed between the sampling points. Together, these taxonomic and functional shifts indicate that AP and FCGS are potentially linked and may be marked by changes in the oral microbiome, which supports the development of microbial-based clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T04:46:37Z","timestamp":1740545197000},"page":"228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Case Report: Shift from Aggressive Periodontitis to Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis Is Linked to Increased Microbial Diversity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire A.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100 K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2272-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Soltero-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Profeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100 K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7471-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart C.","family":"Weimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100 K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X221148577","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221148577","article-title":"Clinical, radiographic and histopathologic features of early-onset gingivitis and periodontitis in cats (1997\u20132022)","volume":"25","author":"Vapniarsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X231186834","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231186834","article-title":"Feline chronic gingivostomatitis current concepts in clinical management","volume":"25","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.11.016","article-title":"The influence of oral bacteria on tissue levels of Toll-like receptor and cytokine mRNAs in feline chronic gingivostomatitis and oral health","volume":"151","author":"Dolieslager","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.08.002","article-title":"Identification of bacteria associated with feline chronic gingivostomatitis using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods","volume":"148","author":"Dolieslager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Older, C.E., Gomes, M.O.S., Hoffmann, A.R., Policano, M.D., Reis, C., Carregaro, A.B., Ambrosio, C.E., and Carregaro, V.M.L. (2020). Influence of the FIV Status and Chronic Gingivitis on Feline Oral Microbiota. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050383"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peralta, S., Grenier, J.K., Webb, S.M., Miller, A.D., Miranda, I.C., and Parker, J.S.L. (2023). Transcriptomic signatures of feline chronic gingivostomatitis are influenced by upregulated IL6. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40679-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14560099","article-title":"Periodontal disease in cats: Back to basics\u2013with an eye on the future","volume":"17","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, C.A., Soltero-Rivera, M., Profeta, R., and Weimer, B.C. (2025). Case Report: Inflammation-Driven Species-Level Shifts in the Oral Microbiome of Refractory Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis. Bacteria, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria4010001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltero-Rivera, M., Shaw, C., Arzi, B., Lommer, M., and Weimer, B.C. (2024). Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis Diagnosis and Treatment through Transcriptomic Insights. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030192"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winer, J.N., Arzi, B., and Verstraete, F.J. (2016). Therapeutic Management of Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front. Vet. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00054"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0898756416657239","article-title":"Gene Sequence Analyses of the Healthy Oral Microbiome in Humans and Companion Animals","volume":"33","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.03.014","article-title":"Beyond microbial community composition: Functional activities of the oral microbiome in health and disease","volume":"17","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.08.004","article-title":"Oral Microbiome in Dogs and Cats: Dysbiosis and the Utility of Antimicrobial Therapy in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease","volume":"52","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, S., Croft, J., O\u2019Flynn, C., Deusch, O., Colyer, A., Allsopp, J., Milella, L., and Davis, I.J. (2015). A Pyrosequencing Investigation of Differences in the Feline Subgingival Microbiota in Health, Gingivitis and Mild Periodontitis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136986"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M.X., Bicalho, R.C., Fiani, N., Lima, S.F., and Peralta, S. (2019). The subgingival microbial community of feline periodontitis and gingivostomatitis: Characterization and comparison between diseased and healthy cats. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48852-4"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, C.M., Boeree, E., Freitas, C.M.T., and Weber, K.S. (2023). Immunomodulatory role of oral microbiota in inflammatory diseases and allergic conditions. Front. Allergy, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2023.1067483"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbour, A., Elebyary, O., Fine, N., Oveisi, M., and Glogauer, M. (2022). Metabolites of the oral microbiome: Important mediators of multikingdom interactions. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 46.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab039"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X., He, F., Si, M., Sun, P., and Chen, Q. (2022). Effects of Antibiotic Use on Saliva Antibody Content and Oral Microbiota in Sprague Dawley Rats. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.721691"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, C.J., Malik, R., Browne, G.V., and Norris, J.M. (2016). Diet may influence the oral microbiome composition in cats. Microbiome, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0169-y"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.H., Chung, S.W., Auh, Q.S., Hong, S.J., Lee, Y.A., Jung, J., Lee, G.J., Park, H.J., Shin, S.I., and Hong, J.Y. (2021). Progress in Oral Microbiome Related to Oral and Systemic Diseases: An Update. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0529.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.12.001","article-title":"Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease","volume":"42","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476068","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/476068","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis: Major periodontopathic pathogen overview","volume":"2014","author":"Mysak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santonocito, S., Giudice, A., Polizzi, A., Troiano, G., Merlo, E.M., Sclafani, R., Grosso, G., and Isola, G. (2022). A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System\u2019s Response during Periodontitis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122426"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedghi, L.M., Bacino, M., and Kapila, Y.L. (2021). Periodontal Disease: The Good, The Bad, and The Unknown. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.766944"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K.H., Seers, C.A., Dashper, S.G., Mitchell, H.L., Pyke, J.S., Meuric, V., Slakeski, N., Cleal, S.M., Chambers, J.L., and McConville, M.J. (2014). Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola exhibit metabolic symbioses. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003955"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12004","article-title":"Treponema denticola improves adhesive capacities of Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"28","author":"Meuric","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Oral. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.4161\/21505594.2014.986407","article-title":"Aggressive Periodontitis: Microbes and host response, who to blame?","volume":"6","author":"Nibali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Kong, N., Ng, W., Lee, V., Kelly, L., and Weimer, B. (2013). Production and Analysis of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA for NGS Pipelines Using Agilent DNA Extraction Kit (p\/n 200600), Agilent Technologies."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basbas, C., Garzon, A., Schlesener, C., van Heule, M., Profeta, R., Weimer, B.C., Silva-Del-Rio, N., Byrne, B.A., Karle, B., and Aly, S.S. (2023). Unveiling the microbiome during post-partum uterine infection: A deep shotgun sequencing approach to characterize the dairy cow uterine microbiome. Anim. Microbiome, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-023-00281-5"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garzon, A., Basbas, C., Schlesener, C., Silva-Del-Rio, N., Karle, B.M., Lima, F.S., Weimer, B.C., and Pereira, R.V. (2024). WGS of intrauterine E. coli from cows with early postpartum uterine infection reveals a non-uterine specific genotype and virulence factors. mBio, 15.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01027-24"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-020-00083-y","article-title":"Monitoring the microbiome for food safety and quality using deep shotgun sequencing","volume":"5","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Andrews, S. Babraham Bioinformatics\u2014FastQC A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.104","article-title":"Bracken: Estimating species abundance in metagenomics data","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1883","article-title":"Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome","volume":"29","author":"Grabherr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","article-title":"CARD 2023: Expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database","volume":"51","author":"Alcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D539","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm951","article-title":"VFDB 2008 release: An enhanced web-based resource for comparative pathogenomics","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D447","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1003","article-title":"STRING v10: Protein-protein interaction networks, integrated over the tree of life","volume":"43","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Faller, L.L., Klitgord, N., Mazumdar, V., Ghodsi, M., Sommer, D.D., Gibbons, T.R., Treangen, T.J., Chang, Y.C., and Li, S. (2012). Deep sequencing of the oral microbiome reveals signatures of periodontal disease. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037919"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenartova, M., Tesinska, B., Janatova, T., Hrebicek, O., Mysak, J., Janata, J., and Najmanova, L. (2021). The Oral Microbiome in Periodontal Health. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.629723"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520913818","article-title":"Oral Microbiome Signatures in Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease","volume":"99","author":"Matsha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz Navarro, C., Del Carmen Sanchez Beltran, M., Arriagada Vargas, C., Batalla Vazquez, P., Diniz Freitas, M., Limeres Posse, J., Diz Dios, P., and Garcia Mato, E. (2022). Analysis of the Oral Microbiome in a Patient with Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome and Severe Periodontal Disease: Impact of Systemic Antibiotic Therapy. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121754"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2024.0031","article-title":"Feline oral inflammation: Diagnosis and options for treatment","volume":"29","author":"Stone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Companion Anim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13173","article-title":"New putative periodontopathogens and periodontal health-associated species: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Antezack","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO856","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2023-0062","article-title":"The increasing importance of the oral microbiome in periodontal health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudhakara, P., Gupta, A., Bhardwaj, A., and Wilson, A. (2018). Oral Dysbiotic Communities and Their Implications in Systemic Diseases. Dent. J., 6.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201803.0170.v1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_759_19","article-title":"Red complex: Polymicrobial conglomerate in oral flora: A review","volume":"8","author":"Mohanty","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Older, C.E., Diesel, A.B., Lawhon, S.D., Queiroz, C.R.R., Henker, L.C., and Rodrigues Hoffmann, A. (2019). The feline cutaneous and oral microbiota are influenced by breed and environment. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220463"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi-Kuroda, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Kokubu, E., and Ishihara, K. (2023). Porphyromonas gingivalis diffusible signaling molecules enhance Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm formation via gene expression modulation. J. Oral. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2023.2165001"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fty069","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty069","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae galU gene mutation has a direct effect on biofilm growth, adherence and phagocytosis in vitro and pathogenicity in vivo","volume":"76","author":"Cools","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasserre, J.F., Brecx, M.C., and Toma, S. (2018). Oral Microbes, Biofilms and Their Role in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101802"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, M., Wei, Y., Hu, W., Nie, Y., Wu, X., and Lu, R. (2018). The Subgingival Microbiome of Periodontal Pockets With Different Probing Depths in Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis: A Pilot Study. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00124"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, W., Rosier, B.T., Artacho, A., Paterson, M., Piela, K., Delaney, C., Brown, J.L., Ramage, G., Mira, A., and Culshaw, S. (2021). Mechanical biofilm disruption causes microbial and immunological shifts in periodontitis patients. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89002-z"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis, A., Mikolai, C., Winkel, A., Szafranski, S.P., Falk, C.S., Rossi, A., Walles, H., and Stiesch, M. (2019). Commensal and pathogenic biofilms differently modulate peri-implant oral mucosa in an organotypic model. Cell Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13078"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"E791","article-title":"Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale","volume":"113","author":"Rossetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacali, C., Vulturar, R., Buduru, S., Cozma, A., Fodor, A., Chis, A., Lucaciu, O., Damian, L., and Moldovan, M.L. (2022). Oral Microbiome: Getting to Know and Befriend Neighbors, a Biological Approach. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030671"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y.-W., Hindiyeh, M.Y., Liu, D., Sails, A., Spearman, P., and Zhang, J.-R. (2024). Chapter 6\u2014Flagella. Molecular Medical Microbiology, Academic Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818619-0.00027-7"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1983.tb00399.x","article-title":"Observation of fimbriae and flagella in dispersed subgingival dental plaque and fresh bacterial isolates from periodontal disease","volume":"18","author":"Scannapieco","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goetting-Minesky, M.P., Godovikova, V., and Fenno, J.C. (2021). Approaches to Understanding Mechanisms of Dentilisin Protease Complex Expression in Treponema denticola. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.668287"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6276","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.10.6276-6283.2001","article-title":"Motility and chemotaxis in tissue penetration of oral epithelial cell layers by Treponema denticola","volume":"69","author":"Lux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00573-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00573-17","article-title":"Activation of the Innate Immune System by Treponema denticola Periplasmic Flagella through Toll-Like Receptor 2","volume":"86","author":"Ruby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.10.007","article-title":"Bacterial chemotaxis in human diseases","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/3\/228\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:42:37Z","timestamp":1760028157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/3\/228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14030228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14030228","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]}}}