{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:39:04Z","timestamp":1763552344147,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Projet de Recherche F\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9: Veille Epid\u00e9iologique et caract\u00e9risation Immunitare pour la pr\u00e9diction et la protection","award":["COVD-PP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVD-PP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the impact of immunological and clinical factors on COVID-19 outcomes among unvaccinated individuals. A cohort of 42 unvaccinated patients admitted to an intensive care unit was analyzed, focusing on age, comorbidities, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody levels (IgG) to assess their influence on hospital stay duration, recovery time, complications, and mortality rates. The findings revealed that advanced age, cardiovascular disease, and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly heightened the risks of severe complications and mortality. Conversely, low IgG levels correlated with prolonged hospital stays and slower recovery. Multivariate analysis identified high IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 levels as strong predictors of adverse outcomes. This research emphasizes the need for the early monitoring of cytokines and targeted management strategies to mitigate the impact of COVID-19, especially among high-risk unvaccinated populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1740627477000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimizing Clinical Management of COVID-19: A Predictive Model for Unvaccinated Patients Admitted to ICU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0894-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Farhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khouloud","family":"Ayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Zayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-3775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rym","family":"Akrout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Dlala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Abouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nesrine","family":"Zoghlami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection et Syst\u00e8mes d\u2019Information \u00e0 R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Spatiale (LTSIRS), Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Mahjoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biophysique et Technologies M\u00e9dicales, Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Technologies M\u00e9dicales de Tunis (ISTMT), Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iheb","family":"Labbane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8507-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Gati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bello, B., Bundey, Y.N., Bhave, R., Khotimchenko, M., Baran, S.W., Chakravarty, K., and Varshney, J. 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