{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:37:27Z","timestamp":1788957447897,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technical University of Dresden"},{"name":"Gemeinnuetzige Hertie Stiftung"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are known to impact cellular and humoral immune response in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). In this study, we performed in-depth SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell profiling using flow cytometry. T-cell immunity in pwMS with or without DMTs was evaluated before a first SARS-CoV-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccination and at one-, two- and six-month follow-up. T-cell stimulation without SARS-CoV-2-specific antigens was used as a control. T-cell response was compared to B-cell response by evaluating SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. We observed an upregulation of specific subpopulations of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ T cells. Thus, our results demonstrate the induction of a broad and distinct CD4+ T-cell response in pwMS even on anti-CD20 treatment and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulation after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. This was particularly seen in CD4+high and CD4+CD154+ T cells. Our results do not support the induction of a CD8+ T-cell immune response. While humoral immune response was impaired in pwMS during ocrelizumab and fingolimod treatment, there was evidence of a compensatory upregulation of subpopulations of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells at low levels of seroconversion in pwMS. In conclusion, our results provide important insights into the mechanisms of the adaptive immune response in pwMS following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T02:48:37Z","timestamp":1740710917000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Extensive T-Cell Profiling Following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with DMTs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7863-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Solchenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5821-6328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Odendahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Experimental Transfusion Medicine, 01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Schriefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Undine","family":"Proschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges Katoul al","family":"Rahbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8799-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tjalf","family":"Ziemssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1371-5032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Akg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (2023, December 12). 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