{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:54Z","timestamp":1787029254919,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy","award":["49MF180153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49MF180153"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a staphylococcal toxin associated with chronic\/recurrent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and necrotizing pneumonia. Its detection in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus warrants aggressive therapy and infection control measures. However, PVL detection relies on molecular methods of limited use, especially in outpatient or resource-poor settings. In order to aid the development of a lateral flow (LF) test for PVL, clinical isolates from SSTIs were collected in 2020\/21 at three laboratories in two cities in the Eastern part of Germany. After the exclusion of duplicate and serial isolates, 83 isolates were eligible. These were tested using an experimental LF test for PVL production. They were also characterized using DNA microarrays, facilitating the detection of virulence and resistance markers as well as the assignment to clonal complexes and epidemic\/pandemic strains. Thirty-nine isolates (47%) were PVL-positive, and the LF results were in 81 cases (97.6%) concordant with genotyping. One false-positive and one false-negative case were observed. This translated into a diagnostic sensitivity of 0.974 and a diagnostic specificity of 0.977. The most common PVL-positive MSSA lineages were CC152 (n = 6), CC121 (n = 4), and CC5 and CC30 (each n = 2). Thirty isolates (36%) were mecA-positive. The MRSA rate among PVL-negatives was 20% (nine isolates), but among the PVL-positives, it was as high as 54% (n = 21). The most common PVL-MRSA strains were CC398-MRSA-VT (n = 5), CC5-MRSA-IV \u201cSri Lanka Clone\u201d (n = 4), CC8-MRSA-[mec IV+Hg] \u201cLatin American USA300\u201d (n = 4), and CC22-MRSA-IV (PVL+\/tst+) (n = 2). While the PVL rate was similar just like the German isolates from a previous study a decade before, the MRSA rate among PVL-positives was clearly higher. All PVL-MRSA strains detected, as well as the most common methicillin-susceptible lineage (CC152), are known to be common locally in other parts of the world, and might, thus, be regarded as travel-associated. Therefore, patients with suspected PVL-associated disease should be asked for their history of travel or migration, and, in case of hospitalization, they should be treated as MRSA cases until proven otherwise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:52:16Z","timestamp":1740981136000},"page":"238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rapid Detection of Panton\u2013Valentine Leukocidin Production in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Saxony and Brandenburg and Their Molecular Characterisation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elke","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Germany and InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Centre for Applied Research, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Monecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Germany and InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Centre for Applied Research, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Armengol Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinisches Labor Ostsachsen MVZ GbR, 01067 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Vinicio","family":"Narvaez Encalada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St\u00e4dtisches Krankenhaus Dresden, 01067 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annett","family":"Reissig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Germany and InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Centre for Applied Research, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"R\u00fcttiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senova Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Biowissenschaft und Technik mbH, 99427 Weimar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4729-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Percy","family":"Schr\u00f6ttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital \u201cCarl Gustav Carus\u201d, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital \u201cCarl Gustav Carus\u201d, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Schwede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMD Labor Oderland GmbH, 15230 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Herman","family":"S\u00f6ffing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senova Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Biowissenschaft und Technik mbH, 99427 Weimar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Th\u00fcrmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MVZ Medizinische Labore Dessau Kassel GmbH, 06847 Dessau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Ehricht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Germany and InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Centre for Applied Research, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.5.1323-1336.2001","article-title":"Structural comparison of three types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec integrated in the chromosome in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"45","author":"Ito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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