{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:39:23Z","timestamp":1788471563775,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia","award":["LR20IPT02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR20IPT02"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia","award":["FPI\/2021\/427-564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI\/2021\/427-564"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["LR20IPT02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR20IPT02"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["FPI\/2021\/427-564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI\/2021\/427-564"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Outbreaks of the West Nile Virus (WNV) have increased significantly in recent years in the Mediterranean region, including Tunisia. To understand the risks for animal and human health and to mitigate the impact of future outbreaks, comprehensive viral surveillance in vertebrate hosts and vectors is needed. We conducted the first serosurvey for the WNV in ruminants in southern Tunisia using the ELISA test and confirmed it with the micro-virus neutralization test (VNT). Antibodies were detected by the ELISA test in camels (38\/112), sheep (9\/155), and goats (7\/58), and six samples were doubtful (five camels and one sheep). The ELISA positive and doubtful sera (n = 60) were further analyzed to confirm the presence of specific anti-WNV and anti-Usutu virus (USUV) antibodies using the micro-virus neutralization test (VNT). Out of the 60 sera, 33 were confirmed for specific WNV antibodies, with an overall seroprevalence of 10.15% [95% CI: 7.09\u201313.96]. The high seroprevalence observed in camels (22.3%) suggests their potential use as sentinel animals for WNV surveillance in southern Tunisia. The viral genome, and consequently active circulation, could not be detected by real-time RT-qPCR in blood samples. Ongoing surveillance of the WNV in animals, including camels, sheep, and goats, may be used for the early detection of viral circulation and for a rapid response to mitigate potential outbreaks in horses and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T06:59:59Z","timestamp":1741589999000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Role of Ruminants as Sentinel Animals in the Circulation of the West Nile Virus in Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9011-6108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ouni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Virus, Vecteurs et H\u00f4tes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2305-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajer","family":"Aounallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Virus, Vecteurs et H\u00f4tes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2872-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafa Kammoun","family":"Rebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Direction, Ministry of Health, Tunis 1006, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1566-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Chendoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Circonscription of Animal Production of Ben Guerdane, M\u00e9denine 4160, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Virus, Vecteurs et H\u00f4tes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Rhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Virus, Vecteurs et H\u00f4tes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2125-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Clavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Bouattour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Virus, Vecteurs et H\u00f4tes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youmna","family":"M\u2019Ghirbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Virus, Vecteurs et H\u00f4tes (LR20IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zouaghi, K., Bouattour, A., Aounallah, H., Surtees, R., Krause, E., Michel, J., Mamlouk, A., Nitsche, A., and M\u2019ghirbi, Y. 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