{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:12:50Z","timestamp":1791533570982,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/45\/B\/NZ1\/02519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/45\/B\/NZ1\/02519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PLG\/2023\/016519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLG\/2023\/016519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PLG\/2024\/017332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLG\/2024\/017332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011089","name":"Polish high-performance computing infrastructure PLGrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/45\/B\/NZ1\/02519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/45\/B\/NZ1\/02519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011089","name":"Polish high-performance computing infrastructure PLGrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PLG\/2023\/016519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLG\/2023\/016519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011089","name":"Polish high-performance computing infrastructure PLGrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PLG\/2024\/017332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLG\/2024\/017332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We performed a comprehensive structural analysis of the conformational space of several spike (S) protein variants using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Specifically, we examined four well-known variants (Delta, BA.1, XBB.1.5, and JN.1) alongside the wild-type (WT) form of SARS-CoV-2. The conformational states of each variant were characterized by analyzing their distributions within a selected space of collective variables (CVs), such as inter-domain distances between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD). Our primary focus was to identify conformational states relevant to potential structural transitions and to determine the set of native contacts (NCs) that stabilize these conformations. The results reveal that genetically more distant variants, such as XBB.1.5, BA.1, and JN.1, tend to adopt more compact conformational states compared to the WT. Additionally, these variants exhibit novel NC profiles, characterized by an increased number of specific contacts distributed among ionic, polar, and nonpolar residues. We further analyzed the impact of specific mutations, including T478K, N500Y, and Y504H. These mutations not only enhance interactions with the human host receptor but also alter inter-chain stability by introducing additional NCs compared to the WT. Consequently, these mutations may influence the accessibility of certain protein regions to neutralizing antibodies. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the structural and functional variations among S protein variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1741839512000},"page":"274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Conformational and Stability Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variants by Molecular Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9300-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo E.","family":"Olivos-Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawi\u0144skiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5603-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis F.","family":"Cofas-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawi\u0144skiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9725-5231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Madl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstra\u00dfe 6, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8875-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo B.","family":"Poma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawi\u0144skiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208351","article-title":"How fast-folding proteins fold","volume":"334","author":"Piana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10731-4","article-title":"Machine learning heralding a new development phase in molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"57","author":"Perdih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16669","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9077213","article-title":"Computational identification of slow conformational fluctuations in proteins","volume":"113","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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