{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T07:05:48Z","timestamp":1774681548750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21Y11901700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Y11901700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3044600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3044600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZD2021CY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2021CY001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["21Y11901700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Y11901700"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024YFC3044600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3044600"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["ZD2021CY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2021CY001"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project","award":["21Y11901700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Y11901700"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2024YFC3044600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3044600"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project","award":["ZD2021CY001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2021CY001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) infections resistant to clarithromycin (CLR) is highly challenging. Traditional non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) chemotherapy may disturb the immune homeostasis of the host by increasing oxidative stress; therefore, host-directed immunotherapy is an alternative option for infections caused by M. abscessus. (2) Method: A clinical isolate of CLR-resistant M. abscessus was screened, and then the therapeutic effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against CLR-resistant M. abscessus infection were evaluated in Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 (THP-1) cells and murine models. RNA sequencing and Western blot were used to profile the protective immune responses induced by NAC. The contribution of candidate signaling pathways was confirmed by the corresponding inhibitor and agonist. (3) Results: NAC immunotherapy led to a significant reduction in bacterial loads both in THP-1 cells and murine infection models, which was associated with enhanced antioxidant effects and downregulation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)\u2013mitogen-activated protein ki-nase\/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3\/6 (MKK3\/6)\u2013p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated inflammatory immune responses. The inhibitor of p38 signaling mimicked the protective effect of NAC, while the agonist attenuated it, suggesting that the p38 pathway is crucial in NAC-mediated immune protection against M. abscessus infection. (4) Conclusion: Our study suggests that NAC could be used as a host-directed therapy agent against drug-resistant M. abscessus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T07:25:00Z","timestamp":1742541900000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["N-Acetylcysteine as a Host-Directed Therapy Against Clarithromycin-Resistant Mycobacterium abscessus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shuqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinchuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Central Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujiao","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juanxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiqing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajuan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, 138 Medical College Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhidong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, 138 Medical College Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bents, S.J., Mercaldo, R.A., Powell, C., Henkle, E., Marras, T.K., and Prevots, D.R. (2024). Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM PD) incidence trends in the United States, 2010\u20132019. BMC Infect. Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09965-y"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200299","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0299-2020","article-title":"The respiratory microbiome and nontuberculous mycobacteria: An emerging concern in human health","volume":"30","author":"Thornton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.04.004","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense pulmonary infection","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28665","article-title":"Laboratory tests and analysis of drug resistance in non-tuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2403206121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2403206121","article-title":"Lipoarabinomannan modification as a source of phenotypic heterogeneity in host-adapted Mycobacterium abscessus isolates","volume":"121","author":"De","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34546","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Mycobacterium abscessus complex isolates in Chongqing, Southwest China","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300332","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202300332","article-title":"Mycobacterium abscessus extracellular vesicles increase mycobacterial resistance to clarithromycin in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Vermeire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2024.100464","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of isepamicin combination treatments in Mycobacterium abscessus species","volume":"36","author":"Kato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Tuberc. Other Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107223","article-title":"Noncanonical mutations in ribosome nascent peptide exit tunnel confer clarithromycin resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus complex","volume":"64","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1441","article-title":"Successful treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus infections with multidrug regimens containing clarithromycin","volume":"20","author":"Mushatt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, W., Tan, Y., Ma, Z., Shang, Y., Li, S., Zhang, X., Wang, W., Yao, C., Yuan, J., and Li, L. (2024). In vitro susceptibility of nontuberculous mycobacteria in China. BMC Infect. Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09016-6"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf, B., Wang, S., Alam, M.S., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., Lu, Z., Ding, J., Chiwala, G., Gao, Y., and Fang, C. (2024). Investigating the role of MAB_1915 in intrinsic resistance to multiple drugs in Mycobacterium abscessus. Microbiol. Spectr., 12.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03974-23"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Biggelaar, R., Walburg, K.V., van den Eeden, S.J.F., van Doorn, C.L.R., Meiler, E., de Ries, A.S., Fusco, M.C., Meijer, A.H., Ottenhoff, T.H.M., and Saris, A. (2024). Identification of kinase inhibitors as potential host-directed therapies for intracellular bacteria. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1367938"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-024-01223-w","article-title":"Dynamics of peripheral T cell exhaustion and monocyte subpopulations in neurocognitive impairment and brain atrophy in chronic HIV infection","volume":"30","author":"Mitchell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rousseau, B.A., and Bhaduri-McIntosh, S. (2023). Inflammation and Epstein-Barr Virus at the Crossroads of Multiple Sclerosis and Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 Infection. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040949"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Lowrie, D.B., Fan, X.Y., and Hu, Z. (2024). Natural products in anti-tuberculosis host-directed therapy. Biomed. Pharmacother., 171.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116087"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.08.001","article-title":"Alveolar Macrophages Provide an Early Mycobacterium tuberculosis Niche and Initiate Dissemination","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mai, D., Jahn, A., Murray, T., Morikubo, M., Lim, P.N., Cervantes, M.M., Pham, L.K., Nemeth, J., Urdahl, K., and Diercks, A.H. (2024). Exposure to Mycobacterium remodels alveolar macrophages and the early innate response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011871"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., Shen, L., Hu, H., Feng, Y., Wen, D., Liu, Y., Zhai, H., Sun, W., Wang, M., and Lei, X. (2024). Sulforaphane Inhibits Oxidative Stress and May Exert Anti-Pyroptotic Effects by Modulating NRF2\/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061191"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, D.M., Walsh, A., Stein, L., Petrasca, A., Cox, D.J., Brown, K., Duffin, E., Jameson, G., Connolly, S.A., and O\u2019Connell, F. (2024). Human Macrophages Activate Bystander Neutrophils\u2019 Metabolism and Effector Functions When Challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052898"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tfae128","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfae128","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine attenuates sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in embryonic fibroblast cells","volume":"13","author":"Tasci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EM00191A","article-title":"Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine removing ROS: An antifouling strategy inspired by mussels","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safe, I.P., Amaral, E.P., Ara\u00fajo-Pereira, M., Lacerda, M.V.G., Printes, V.S., Souza, A.B., Beraldi-Magalh\u00e3es, F., Monteiro, W.M., Sampaio, V.S., and Barreto-Duarte, B. (2020). Adjunct N-Acetylcysteine Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With HIV-Associated Tuberculosis Dampens the Oxidative Stress in Peripheral Blood: Results from the RIPENACTB Study Trial. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.602589"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EVIDoa2300332","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2300332","article-title":"Adjunctive N-Acetylcysteine and Lung Function in Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"3","author":"Wallis","year":"2024","journal-title":"NEJM Evid."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safe, I.P., Lacerda, M.V.G., Printes, V.S., Praia Marins, A.F., Rebelo Rabelo, A.L., Costa, A.A., Tavares, M.A., Jesus, J.S., Souza, A.B., and Beraldi-Magalh\u00e3es, F. (2020). Safety and efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in hospitalized patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis: An open-label, randomized, phase II trial (RIPENACTB Study). PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235381"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.08.003","article-title":"N-acetyl-cysteine mediates protection against Mycobacterium avium through induction of human \u03b2-defensin-2 in a mouse lung infection model","volume":"22","author":"Shiozawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"10-1128","article-title":"The promises and limitations of N-acetylcysteine as a potentiator of first-line and second-line tuberculosis drugs","volume":"65","author":"Jacobs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0226-5","article-title":"Therapeutic host-directed strategies to improve outcome in tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2024.103267","article-title":"Protocol for analyzing BCG-induced trained immunity in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"12103","article-title":"Phase I study of the pharmacokinetics and safety of single and multiple doses of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in healthy Chinese subjects","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1479","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1479","article-title":"In vitro effects of N-acetylcysteine in combination with antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canine otitis externa","volume":"10","author":"Jeon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis, M., Mascellino, M.T., Miele, M.C., Al Ismail, D., Colone, M., Stringaro, A., Vullo, V., Venditti, M., Mastroianni, C.M., and Oliva, A. (2022). High Activity of N-Acetylcysteine in Combination with Beta-Lactams against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020225"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.038","article-title":"Human IRF1 governs macrophagic IFN-\u03b3 immunity to mycobacteria","volume":"186","author":"Rosain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutzky, V.P., Ratnatunga, C.N., Smith, D.J., Kupz, A., Doolan, D.L., Reid, D.W., Thomson, R.M., Bell, S.C., and Miles, J.J. (2018). Anomalies in T Cell Function Are Associated with Individuals at Risk of Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Infection. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01319"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H.E., Lee, W., Choi, S., Jung, M., Shin, M.K., and Shin, S.J. (2022). Modulating macrophage function to reinforce host innate resistance against Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.931876"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.07.004","article-title":"Host-Directed Therapy in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: Preclinical and Clinical Data Review","volume":"44","author":"Anidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17477","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.28.17477","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species- and dimerization-induced activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha signal transduction","volume":"273","author":"Gotoh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.3.893-901.2001","article-title":"Akt phosphorylates and negatively regulates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40234","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103684200","article-title":"UV Induces phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) at Ser-473 and Thr-308 in mouse epidermal Cl 41 cells through hydrogen peroxide","volume":"276","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14624","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.19.14624","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent Akt activation by oxidative stress enhances cell survival","volume":"275","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.9.4928","article-title":"Microtubule-interfering agents activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase\/stress-activated protein kinase through both Ras and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase pathways","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Wang, X., Xu, T., Ren, M., Gao, M., and Lin, H. (2024). Quercetin antagonizes apoptosis, autophagy and immune dysfunction induced by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate via ROS\/ASK1\/JNK pathway. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 285.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2024.109991"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2024.8781","article-title":"ABT-737 increases cisplatin sensitivity through the ROS-ASK1-JNK MAPK signaling axis in human ovarian cancer cisplatin-resistant A2780\/DDP cells","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Yu, Y., Chen, K., Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Zou, X., Xu, X., and Jiang, Y. (2024). Astragalus polysaccharides ameliorate osteoarthritis via inhibiting apoptosis by regulating ROS-mediated ASK1\/p38 MAPK signaling pathway targeting on TXN. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 258.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129004"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardi, A., Villa, S., Castelli, V., Bandera, A., and Gori, A. (2021). T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122460"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.026","article-title":"An oxidative environment promotes growth of Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"49","author":"Rebits","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.04.029","article-title":"Configurational assignments of conformationally restricted bis-monoterpene hydroquinones: Utility in exploration of endangered plants","volume":"1830","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/4\/302\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:57:45Z","timestamp":1760029065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/4\/302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14040302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14040302","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]}}}