{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1787313662181,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is a tick-borne disease that has occurred in several Brazilian regions, caused by Rickettsia spp. bacteria and mainly transmitted by Amblyomma ticks. Despite the high BSF lethality in several Brazilian endemic areas, predictors and associated risk factors remain to be fully established. Accordingly, the retrospective study herein aimed to assess BSF cases and associated factors in an endemic area of western S\u00e3o Paulo state. (2) Methods: Notified cases identified by the System for Epidemiological Surveillance of S\u00e3o Paulo (CVE), from January 2007 to December 2021, were gathered and analyzed by Logistic Multivariate Regression (LMR) to assess potential risk factors for BSF. (3) Results: Overall, 74\/1121 (6.6%; 95% CI: 5.29\u20138.21) individuals were considered positive for BSF. Univariate analysis showed previous contact with capybaras (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.0\u20133.55; p &lt; 0.001) and raising horses (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 0.66\u20132.67; p = 0.45), while LMR revealed living in rural areas (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.02\u20133.73; p = 0.037) as an associated risk factor for BSF. (4) Conclusions: The results herein show that the geographically studied area still shows high occurrence of BSF, mostly for individuals living or visiting areas overlapping free-ranging capybaras.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:46:50Z","timestamp":1742802410000},"page":"305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["One Health Approach to Brazilian Spotted Fever: Capybaras, Horses, and Rural Areas as Predictors for Human Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Iara Giordano","family":"Rosa-Xavier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19026-310, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Pinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Zootecnic, Veterinary Medicine School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19026-310, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4182-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Welker","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6579-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise Bach","family":"Kmetiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Surveillance Unit, City Secretary of Health, Curitiba 81265-320, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7065-1138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vamilton Alvares","family":"Santar\u00e9m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19026-310, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2018.09.011","article-title":"Basic reproduction number for the Brazilian Spotted Fever","volume":"458","author":"Polo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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