{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:55:33Z","timestamp":1792223733605,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing problem of infections due to pathogens with antimicrobial resistance, especially Gram-negative bacteria, has led to the development of new \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combination antibiotics. During the last 2 years from the writing of this article, cefepime\/enmetazobactam, aztreonam\/avibactam, and sulbactam\/durlobactam were approved for use in clinical practice. Cefepime\/enmetazobactam targets extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales. It is indicated for the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis, in Europe and the USA, and also for hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and bacteremia associated with those infections (only in Europe). The antimicrobial spectrum of aztreonam\/avibactam includes carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. Aztreonam\/avibactam is indicated for the treatment of adult patients who suffer from complicated intra-abdominal infections, complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and ventilator-associated pneumonia due to aerobic Gram-negative infections with limited therapeutic options. Sulbactam\/durlobactam, a combination of 2 \u03b2-lactamase inhibitors, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia due to the Acinetobacter baumannii\u2013calcoaceticus complex [including carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) infections].<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:46:50Z","timestamp":1742802410000},"page":"307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["New \u03b2-Lactam\/\u03b2-Lactamase Inhibitor Combination Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Sargianou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 151 23 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Hygeia Hospital, 151 23 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Stathopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 151 23 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Vrysis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 151 23 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva D.","family":"Tzvetanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Falagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 151 23 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2007.11.013","article-title":"The realm of penicillin G acylase in \u03b2-lactam antibiotics","volume":"42","author":"Chandel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. 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