{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:15:20Z","timestamp":1791335720441,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the current outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in Rwanda, we synthesized evidence from the literature to improve case management. Accordingly, experimental treatment was offered to patients under close follow-up. Remdesivir alone or in combination with monoclonal antibody treatment (MBP091) complemented with supportive care has improved the clinical outcomes of patients. Additionally, we have identified several experimental therapies currently under investigation, including antiviral drugs such as favipiravir, galidesivir, obeldesivir, and remdesivir, along with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (e.g., polyclonal IgG, monoclonal antibody MR-78-N; MR82-N; MR191-N; monoclonal antibodies MR186-YTE and MBP091). Furthermore, substantial progress is being made in vaccine development, with promising candidates including adenovirus-vectored vaccines, DNA vaccines, and the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vaccine. Moreover, innovative preventive and treatment strategies\u2014such as synthetic hormones like estradiol benzoate, small interfering RNA (siRNA), interferon-\u03b2 therapy, and phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers\u2014are emerging as potential options for MVD management. Further investment is needed to accelerate research and optimize these therapeutics and preventive modalities. Additional epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical studies are warranted to generate the evidence required to inform policymaking, resource mobilization, and the implementation of cost-effective interventions for the prevention, control, and treatment of MVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T04:11:40Z","timestamp":1743135100000},"page":"322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Emerging Strategies and Progress in the Medical Management of Marburg Virus Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sanctus","family":"Musafiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK), Kigali KN 4 Ave, Rwanda"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali 3900, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6314-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Edwar","family":"Siddig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3241-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Baptist","family":"Nkuranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali 20093, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanase","family":"Rukundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Service, Ministry of Health, Kigali 84, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tharcisse","family":"Mpunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK), Kigali KN 4 Ave, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustin","family":"Sendegeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Faisal Hospital, Kigali 20093, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theogene","family":"Twagirumugabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Butare University Teaching Hospital, Huye P.O. Box 254, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9516-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali 7162, Rwanda"},{"name":"Pan-Africa One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali 11KG ST203, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4180-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude Mambo","family":"Muvunyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.3390\/v4101878","article-title":"Forty-Five Years of Marburg Virus Research","volume":"4","author":"Brauburger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muvunyi, C.M., Ngabonziza, J.C.S., Bigirimana, N., Ndembi, N., Siddig, E.E., Kaseya, J., and Ahmed, A. 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