{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:00:54Z","timestamp":1791856854732,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["ALFGBG-823941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-823941"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["ALFGBG-933787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-933787"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["ALFGBG-770411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-770411"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["523-2013-2750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["523-2013-2750"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["2019-01135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-01135"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["2023-419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-419"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["2021-283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-283"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["SU-984331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-984331"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["SU-998149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-998149"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish Government and the county councils","award":["SU-984446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-984446"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["ALFGBG-823941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-823941"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["ALFGBG-933787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-933787"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["ALFGBG-770411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-770411"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["523-2013-2750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["523-2013-2750"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["2019-01135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-01135"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["2023-419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-419"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["2021-283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-283"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["SU-984331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-984331"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["SU-998149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-998149"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["SU-984446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-984446"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["ALFGBG-823941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-823941"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["ALFGBG-933787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-933787"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["ALFGBG-770411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-770411"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["523-2013-2750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["523-2013-2750"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["2019-01135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-01135"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["2023-419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-419"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["2021-283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-283"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["SU-984331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-984331"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["SU-998149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-998149"]}]},{"name":"Rune och Ulla Aml\u00f6vs Stiftelse f\u00f6r Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning","award":["SU-984446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-984446"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["ALFGBG-823941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-823941"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["ALFGBG-933787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-933787"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["ALFGBG-770411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-770411"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["523-2013-2750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["523-2013-2750"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["2019-01135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-01135"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["2023-419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-419"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["2021-283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-283"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["SU-984331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-984331"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["SU-998149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-998149"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospitals Research Foundations","award":["SU-984446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-984446"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) represent a relatively new class of immunomodulatory drugs with potent effects on various cytokine signalling pathways. They have revolutionized the treatment landscape for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. However, their ability to modulate immune responses presents a dual-edged nature, influencing both protective immunity and pathological inflammation. This review explores the complex role of JAKis in infectious settings, highlighting both beneficial and detrimental effects. On the one hand, experimental models suggest that JAK inhibition can impair host defence mechanisms, increasing susceptibility to certain bacterial and viral infections. For example, tofacitinib-treated mice exhibited more severe joint erosions in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) septic arthritis and showed impaired viral clearance in herpes simplex encephalitis. Additionally, clinical data confirm an increased risk of herpes zoster in patients receiving JAKis, underscoring the need for rigorous monitoring. On the other hand, JAK inhibition has demonstrated protective effects in certain infectious and hyperinflammatory conditions. In sepsis models, including cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and S. aureus bacteraemia, tofacitinib improved survival by attenuating excessive inflammation. Furthermore, JAKis, particularly baricitinib, have shown substantial efficacy in mitigating cytokine storms during severe COVID-19 infections, leading to improved clinical outcomes and reduced mortality. These observations suggest that JAKis have a role in modulating hyperinflammatory responses in select infectious contexts. In conclusion, JAKis present a complex interplay between immunosuppression and immunomodulation. While they increase the risk of certain infections, they also show potential in managing hyperinflammatory conditions such as cytokine storms. The key challenge is determining which patients and situations benefit most from JAKis while minimizing risks, requiring a careful and personalized treatment approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T04:11:40Z","timestamp":1743135100000},"page":"324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Dual-Edged Sword: Risks and Benefits of JAK Inhibitors in Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anders","family":"Jarneborn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3941-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep Kumar","family":"Kopparapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9039-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01660-5","article-title":"The pathophysiology of sepsis and precision-medicine-based immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Aschenbrenner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78088","article-title":"Mechanisms of human autoimmunity","volume":"125","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e070856","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070856","article-title":"Therapeutic advances in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"384","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-6-488","article-title":"Wegener granulomatosis: An analysis of 158 patients","volume":"116","author":"Hoffman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2716-7","article-title":"A review on host-pathogen interactions: Classification and prediction","volume":"35","author":"Sen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.013","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway at twenty","volume":"36","author":"Stark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.09.023","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway at 30: Much learned, much more to do","volume":"185","author":"Philips","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0835-9","article-title":"Tofacitinib: A Review in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"77","author":"Dhillon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn8933","article-title":"Structure of a Janus kinase cytokine receptor complex reveals the basis for dimeric activation","volume":"376","author":"Glassman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1197","article-title":"Signaling by STATs","volume":"6","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01468-7","article-title":"Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: Autoimmune disorders and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202117","article-title":"JAKs and STATs in immunity, immunodeficiency, and cancer","volume":"368","author":"Holland","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.09.009","article-title":"Human tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency reveals its requisite roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired immunity","volume":"25","author":"Minegishi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00204.x","article-title":"Interferons, interferon-like cytokines, and their receptors","volume":"202","author":"Pestka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2018-0007","article-title":"Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma): Exploring its implications in infectious diseases","volume":"9","author":"Kak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3153","article-title":"IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Hunter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1001","article-title":"Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity","volume":"3","author":"Trinchieri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.022","article-title":"GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 Family of Cytokines: Regulators of Inflammation","volume":"50","author":"Dougan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.03.006","article-title":"The erythropoietin receptor in normal and cancer tissues","volume":"67","author":"Jelkmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.028","article-title":"The \u03b3(c) Family of Cytokines: Basic Biology to Therapeutic Ramifications","volume":"50","author":"Leonard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0046-y","article-title":"Biology and regulation of IL-2: From molecular mechanisms to human therapy","volume":"18","author":"Spolski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.05.010","article-title":"T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production","volume":"75","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.156049","article-title":"IL-7: Comprehensive review","volume":"160","author":"Winer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlini, V., Noonan, D.M., Abdalalem, E., Goletti, D., Sansone, C., Calabrone, L., and Albini, A. (2023). The multifaceted nature of IL-10: Regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161067"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2366","article-title":"IL-12 family cytokines: Immunological playmakers","volume":"13","author":"Vignali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2023.104645","article-title":"Interleukin-2 family cytokines: An overview of genes, expression, signaling and functional roles in teleost","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.01.013","article-title":"Clinical significance and immunobiology of IL-21 in autoimmunity","volume":"99","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-019-0036-y","article-title":"Targeting growth hormone function: Strategies and therapeutic applications","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(01)00030-2","article-title":"Thrombopoietin: A pan-hematopoietic cytokine","volume":"13","author":"Geddis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-223850","article-title":"Selectivity, efficacy and safety of JAKinibs: New evidence for a still evolving story","volume":"83","author":"Bonelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shawky, A.M., Almalki, F.A., Abdalla, A.N., Abdelazeem, A.H., and Gouda, A.M. (2022). A Comprehensive Overview of Globally Approved JAK Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051001"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16740","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the selective TYK2 inhibitor, deucravacitinib, in Japanese patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: Subgroup analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, global phase 3 trial","volume":"50","author":"Imafuku","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109071","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"367","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310476","article-title":"Tofacitinib versus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"370","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000262","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000262","article-title":"Efficacy of tofacitinib monotherapy in methotrexate-naive patients with early or established rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109071","article-title":"Tofacitinib or Adalimumab versus Placebo in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"367","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31618-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib monotherapy, tofacitinib with methotrexate, and adalimumab with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ORAL Strategy): A phase 3b\/4, double-blind, head-to-head, randomised controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-7-41","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity and neutrophil reductions mediated by the JAK1\/JAK3 inhibitor, CP-690,550, in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis","volume":"7","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206028","article-title":"The JAK inhibitor tofacitinib suppresses synovial JAK1-STAT signalling in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"74","author":"Boyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003668","article-title":"Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by tofacitinib (CP-690,550)","volume":"186","author":"Ghoreschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203756","article-title":"The JAK inhibitor, tofacitinib, reduces the T cell stimulatory capacity of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"73","author":"Kubo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109927","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk with Tofacitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"386","author":"Ytterberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0135-z","article-title":"The Specific Roles of JAK\/STAT Signaling Pathway in Sepsis","volume":"38","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, T., Zhang, M., Lei, W., Yang, R., Fu, S., Fan, Z., Yang, Y., and Zhang, T. (2023). Advances in the role of STAT3 in macrophage polarization. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1160719"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318265a2ab","article-title":"STAT1-deficient mice are resistant to cecal ligation and puncture-induced septic shock","volume":"38","author":"Herzig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6198","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.11.6198","article-title":"Aberrant inflammation and lethality to septic peritonitis in mice lacking STAT3 in macrophages and neutrophils","volume":"171","author":"Matsukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.6.679","article-title":"Pivotal role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)4 and Stat6 in the innate immune response during sepsis","volume":"193","author":"Matsukawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh118","article-title":"The role of Tyk2, Stat1 and Stat4 in LPS-induced endotoxin signals","volume":"16","author":"Kamezaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8656","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221652110","article-title":"Stat2 loss leads to cytokine-independent, cell-mediated lethality in LPS-induced sepsis","volume":"110","author":"Alazawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80005-9","article-title":"Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils","volume":"10","author":"Takeda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200113763","article-title":"STAT4 and STAT6 regulate systemic inflammation and protect against lethal endotoxemia","volume":"108","author":"Lentsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7526-6_14","article-title":"Experimental Protocol for Cecal Ligation and Puncture Model of Polymicrobial Sepsis and Assessment of Vascular Functions in Mice","volume":"1717","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, T. (2024). Exploring the role of bacterial virulence factors and host elements in septic arthritis: Insights from animal models for innovative therapies. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1356982"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90068-X","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in a mouse model: PCR evidence for CNS latency following acute infection","volume":"127","author":"Drummond","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1086\/430952","article-title":"Mice with disseminated candidiasis die of progressive sepsis","volume":"192","author":"Spellberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1854","article-title":"Animal models of sepsis: Setting the stage","volume":"4","author":"Buras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903510690","article-title":"Tranexamic acid, an inhibitor of plasminogen activation, aggravates staphylococcal septic arthritis and sepsis","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"859","article-title":"Inhibition of Janus kinase 2 and signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 protect against cecal ligation and puncture-induced multiple organ damage and mortality","volume":"66","author":"Hui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0628-z","article-title":"JAK2 inhibition prevents innate immune responses and rescues animals from sepsis","volume":"88","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-023-00332-3","article-title":"Tofacitinib reduces acute lung injury and improves survival in a rat model of sepsis by inhibiting the JAK-STAT\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-2972","article-title":"Ruxolitinib protects lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis through inhibition of nitric oxide production in mice","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, Y., Chen, J., Wang, X., Li, Y., Hu, Z., Yang, P., and Qin, L. (2021). Tofacitinib Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Blocking the JAK-STAT1\/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Biomed. Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8877056"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7367","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01533-15","article-title":"Treatment of Experimental Candida Sepsis with a Janus Kinase Inhibitor Controls Inflammation and Prolongs Survival","volume":"59","author":"Tsirigotis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarneborn, A., Mohammad, M., Engdahl, C., Hu, Z., Na, M., Ali, A., and Jin, T. (2020). Tofacitinib treatment aggravates Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis, but attenuates sepsis and enterotoxin induced shock in mice. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67928-0"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarneborn, A., Hu, Z., Deshmukh, M., Kopparapu, P.K., and Jin, T. (2024). Tofacitinib Treatment Suppresses CD4+ T-Cell Activation and Th1 Response, Contributing to Protection against Staphylococcal Toxic Shock. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137456"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac040","article-title":"Tofacitinib Treatment in Primary Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Interferes With Antiviral Response","volume":"225","author":"Krzyzowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2372-3446","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Tofacitinib, a JAK Inhibitor, in Alleviating Sepsis-Induced Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270405","article-title":"Superantigen and endotoxin synergize in the induction of lethal shock","volume":"27","author":"Blank","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1256-1264.2001","article-title":"Role of T cells and gamma interferon during induction of hypersensitivity to lipopolysaccharide by toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in mice","volume":"69","author":"Dinges","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5736","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.12.5736","article-title":"Impact of interferon-gamma receptor deficiency on experimental Staphylococcus aureus septicemia and arthritis","volume":"155","author":"Zhao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrycy, M., Chodkowski, M., and Krzyzowska, M. (2022). Role of Microglia in Herpesvirus-Related Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070809"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-01062-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: Update for the practising clinician","volume":"20","author":"Szekanecz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759720X20936059","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X20936059","article-title":"JAK inhibitors and infections risk: Focus on herpes zoster","volume":"12","author":"Sunzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912196","article-title":"Trial of Anifrolumab in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"382","author":"Morand","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209131","article-title":"Real-world comparative risks of herpes virus infections in tofacitinib and biologic-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"75","author":"Curtis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001395","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001395","article-title":"Long-term safety of tofacitinib up to 9.5 years: A comprehensive integrated analysis of the rheumatoid arthritis clinical development programme","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez087","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of infection risk with small molecule JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Bechman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"221","article-title":"Tofacitinib: Real-World Data and Treatment Persistence in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11232","article-title":"Postapproval Comparative Safety Study of Tofacitinib and Biological Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: 5-Year Results from a United States-Based Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry","volume":"3","author":"Kremer","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223762","article-title":"Safety of biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis as used in clinical practice: Results from the ARTIS programme","volume":"82","author":"Frisell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222405","article-title":"Infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving tofacitinib versus tumour necrosis factor inhibitors: Results from the open-label, randomised controlled ORAL Surveillance trial","volume":"81","author":"Balanescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab011","article-title":"Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Tofacitinib in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Taxonera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.07.018","article-title":"Small molecules for inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of infection and malignancy: A systematic review and meta-Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-020-00209-4","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Tofacitinib in Patients with Active Psoriatic Arthritis: Interim Analysis of OPAL Balance, an Open-Label, Long-Term Extension Study","volume":"7","author":"Nash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219601","article-title":"Tofacitinib for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: A phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"80","author":"Deodhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01255-1","article-title":"Tofacitinib in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, withdrawal phase 3 randomised trial","volume":"398","author":"Ruperto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221276","article-title":"Safety of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis over a median of 4.6 and up to 9.3 years of treatment: Final results from long-term extension study and integrated database","volume":"81","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161812","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2022.2161812","article-title":"Safety of baricitinib for the treatment of atopic dermatitis over a median of 1.6 years and up to 3.9 years of treatment: An updated integrated analysis of eight clinical trials","volume":"34","author":"Bieber","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20887","article-title":"Risk of herpesvirus, serious and opportunistic infections in atopic dermatitis: A population-based cohort study","volume":"186","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218510","article-title":"Safety profile of upadacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis: Integrated analysis from the SELECT phase III clinical programme","volume":"80","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222608","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib for active ankylosing spondylitis refractory to biological therapy: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"81","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002735","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002735","article-title":"Safety profile of upadacitinib over 15 000 patient-years across rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Burmester","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00589-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of upadacitinib in combination with topical corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD Up): Results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Reich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225759","article-title":"Integrated safety analysis of filgotinib in patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis over a treatment duration of up to 8.3 years","volume":"83","author":"Burmester","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2021.1967256","article-title":"Effects of ruxolitinib on infection in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm: A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00618-3","article-title":"Integrated Safety Analysis of Abrocitinib for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis From the Phase II and Phase III Clinical Trial Program","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv19454","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v104.19454","article-title":"Real-world Experience of Abrocitinib Treatment in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Hand Eczema: Up to 28-week Results from the BioDay Registry","volume":"104","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00846-3","article-title":"Integrated Safety Analysis of Ritlecitinib, an Oral JAK3\/TEC Family Kinase Inhibitor, for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata from the ALLEGRO Clinical Trial Program","volume":"25","author":"King","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gooderham, M., Molin, S., Bissonnette, R., Worm, M., Cr\u00e9py, M.N., Stingeni, L., Warren, R.B., Schliemann, S., Schuttelaar, M.L., and Ferrucci, S. (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2025). Long-term safety and efficacy of delgocitinib cream for up to 52 weeks in adults with Chronic Hand Eczema: Results of the phase 3 open-label extension DELTA 3 trial following the DELTA 1 and 2 trials, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.03.008"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15798","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15798","article-title":"Post-hoc safety\/efficacy analyses from pediatric delgocitinib atopic dermatitis trials","volume":"66","author":"Fukuie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong, A.W., Lebwohl, M., Warren, R.B., Sofen, H., Morita, A., Paul, C., Papp, K.A., Colombo, M.J., Scotto, J., and Vaile, J. (J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 2025). Deucravacitinib in plaque psoriasis: Four-year safety and efficacy results from the Phase 3 POETYK PSO-1, PSO-2 and long-term extension trials, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., early view.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20553"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307489","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2024.2307489","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of deucravacitinib treatment for moderate-to-severe psoriasis in real-world clinical practice in Japan","volume":"35","author":"Hagino","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0954-2","article-title":"Fedratinib, a newly approved treatment for patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis","volume":"35","author":"Talpaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2014323","article-title":"The infection risks of JAK inhibition","volume":"18","author":"Adas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207319","article-title":"Tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections in tofacitinib-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"75","author":"Winthrop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14217","article-title":"Reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving tofacitinib","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223335","article-title":"2022 EULAR recommendations for screening and prophylaxis of chronic and opportunistic infections in adults with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases","volume":"82","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17501","article-title":"Infection risk with JAK inhibitors in dermatoses: A meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Ireland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.07.019","article-title":"Comparative safety of oral Janus kinase inhibitors versus dupilumab in patients with atopic dermatitis: A population-based cohort study","volume":"154","author":"Tsai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: Causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamdy, A., and Leonardi, A. (2022). Superantigens and SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040390"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00243-2","article-title":"COVID-19: Immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","article-title":"Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Horby","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2100433","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Investigators","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"RECOVERY_Collaborative_Group (2021). Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): A randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet, 397, 1637\u20131645."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, N.K., Tailang, M., Jain, H.K., Chandrasekaran, B., Sahoo, B.M., Subramanian, A., Thangavel, N., Aldahish, A., Chidambaram, K., and Alagusundaram, M. (2023). Therapeutic implications of current Janus kinase inhibitors as anti-COVID agents: A review. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1135145"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00331-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19 (COV-BARRIER): A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"9","author":"Marconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994","article-title":"Baricitinib plus Remdesivir for Hospitalized Adults with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Kalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13898","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13898","article-title":"Early administration of tofacitinib in COVID-19 pneumonitis: An open randomised controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Ferrarini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101643","article-title":"Tofacitinib in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 Pneumonia","volume":"385","author":"Quirk","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3379","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3379","article-title":"A living WHO guideline on drugs for COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/4\/324\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:03:43Z","timestamp":1760029423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/4\/324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14040324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14040324","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}}}