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Beyond neurotransmitter disturbances, increasing evidence suggests that infectious agents may play a role in the pathophysiology of depression through immune system modulation. Toxoplasma gondii infection has been linked to various mental disorders in the general population, including depression and anxiety. This study aimed to investigate whether depressive disorder during pregnancy is associated with chronic T. gondii infection by analyzing cytokine levels involved in inflammatory response modulation. Serum levels of TNF, IFN-\u03b3, TGF-\u03b21, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MIF were measured in 79 pregnant women (18\u201340 years old) during the third trimester of an uncomplicated pregnancy. Participants were divided into four groups: Group I\u2014depressive disorder and T. gondii seropositive (n = 19); Group II\u2014no depressive disorder and T. gondii seropositive (n = 20); Group III\u2014depressive disorder and T. gondii seronegative (n = 20); and Group IV\u2014no depressive disorder and T. gondii seronegative (n = 20). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during routine prenatal visits, and blood samples were collected during standard prenatal examinations. Significant differences in cytokine levels were observed among the study groups. Notably, the group with both depressive disorder and chronic T. gondii infection exhibited a distinct cytokine profile characterized by significantly elevated TNF, IL-6, and IL-10 levels and significantly reduced IL-8 and MIF levels compared to the other groups. These findings suggest that pregnant women with depressive disorder and chronic T. gondii infection exhibit an altered balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This is the first study to investigate the association between serum cytokine levels, depressive disorder, and chronic T. gondii infection in pregnant women. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential of these immunobiomarkers as diagnostic tools or for monitoring therapeutic and prognostic strategies in this context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T03:25:02Z","timestamp":1743391502000},"page":"330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pregnant Women Chronically Infected by Toxoplasma gondii with Depressive Disorder: Differential Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2644-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Salom\u00e3o Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Jos\u00e9 Victal","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamires Lopes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heber Le\u00e3o Silva","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3911-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Vasconcelos Soares","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6142-6492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielly Christine Adriani Maia","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bellisa Freitas","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luan Souza","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talyene Marques","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al\u00edrio Resende","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth Opeyemi","family":"Awoyinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2339-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Wilson Patriarca","family":"Mineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Lemos Debs","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9010-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Mineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 380405-317, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.70510","article-title":"Depression: The disorder and the burden","volume":"32","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. 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