{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:40:11Z","timestamp":1760031611981,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic infectious disease and a chronic wasting illness. Accordingly, detecting and eradicating bTB remains a significant challenge in South Korea. This study evaluated the efficacy of a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocol for detecting bTB in cattle. The protocol included two ELISA tests: one performed on the day of purified protein derivative (PPD) inoculation and another seven days post-inoculation. Results show a significant increase in ELISA detection rates, from 11% to 76%, particularly in cattle that tested positive for the tuberculin skin test (TST) and\/or interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) assays (p &lt; 0.0001). Notably, some cattle that were negative or had doubtful results in TST and IFN-\u03b3 assays transitioned to ELISA positive post-PPD inoculation. Additionally, some cattle identified as positive only by ELISA (S\/p value \u2265 0.3) were confirmed to have bTB through gross examination or real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The proposed protocol was validated in bTB outbreak farms using S\/p thresholds of 0.3 (PPD inoculation day) and 0.5 (seven days post-PPD), enabling the detection of infected cattle missed by TST and IFN-\u03b3 assays. Implementing this approach successfully eradicated bTB in outbreak farms with minimal culling. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating sequential ELISA tests to enhance bTB detection and support eradication efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T03:25:02Z","timestamp":1743391502000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Re-Evaluation of ELISA for the Detection of Bovine Tuberculosis and a New Proposal for Its Use in Eradication Efforts on Outbreak Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chan-Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Gangwon State Veterinary Service & Research Institute, Chuncheon 24203, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0726-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaemung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal & Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ho","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal & Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0990-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sehyun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal & Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5085-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungweon","family":"Ryoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon 51755, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Contents Operation Division, BIONOTE, Inc., Hwaseong-si 18449, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Min","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture & Livestock Division, Ulsan Metropolitan City, Ulsan 44675, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyu-Wook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solvet, Inc., Anseong-si 17609, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungwon","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KogeneBiotech Co., Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08507, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo-Young","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4560-6068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Son-Il","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4809-9903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung-Il","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0655","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis infection and tuberculosis in cattle","volume":"163","author":"Pollock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. 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