{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:39:19Z","timestamp":1790044759797,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Southern Regional Aquaculture Center","award":["2018-38500-28888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-38500-28888"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Edwardsiella piscicida septicemia is a significant threat to aquaculture, causing substantial production and economic losses. The causative bacterium E. piscicida infects multiple fish species of aquaculture relevance. This study investigated the pathogenicity of catfish-derived E. piscicida in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fingerlings. The experimental infection of largemouth bass using genotypically distinct E. piscicida isolates resulted in significant fish mortality independent of the isolate genotypes. A specific correlation between discrete E. piscicida genotypes and fish mortalities was not identified. The histopathological assessment of tissues from infected fish revealed inflammatory lesions characteristic of bacterial septicemia. This study provides insights into the pathogenesis of heterologous E. piscicida isolates in largemouth bass fingerlings, which could be crucial in developing effective pathogen-targeted management strategies to combat a deadly disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T08:48:00Z","timestamp":1743410880000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation of the Pathobiology of Edwardsiella piscicida\u2014Septicemia in Largemouth Bass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Ramena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture\/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suja","family":"Aarattuthodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture\u2014Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gnanender","family":"Sriramoju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture\/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yathish","family":"Ramena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture\/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Edwardsiella, a new genus of Enterobacteriaceae based on a new species, E. tarda","volume":"15","author":"Ewing","year":"1965","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001485","article-title":"Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the \u2018Enterobacteriales\u2019: Proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov","volume":"66","author":"Adeolu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12080","article-title":"Edwardsiella piscicida sp. nov., a novel species pathogenic to fish","volume":"114","author":"Abayneh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02687","article-title":"Edwardsiella piscicida identified in the southeastern USA by gyrB sequence, species-specific and repetitive sequence-mediated PCR","volume":"108","author":"Griffin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12533","article-title":"Emergence of Edwardsiella piscicida in farmed Channel\u2640, Ictalurus punctatus\u00d7 Blue\u2642, Ictalurus furcatus, hybrid catfish cultured in Mississippi","volume":"50","author":"Griffin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13056","article-title":"Recovery and confirmation of Edwardsiella piscicida from a black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829)","volume":"42","author":"Griffin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12696","article-title":"Cross-protective potential of a live-attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against Edwardsiella piscicida in channel (Ictalurus punctatus) and channel\u00d7 blue (Ictalurus furcatus) hybrid catfish","volume":"51","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12435","article-title":"Edwardsiella piscicida-associated septicemia in a blotched fantail stingray Taeniura meyeni (M\u00fceller & Henle)","volume":"39","author":"Camus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12961","article-title":"A spontaneous outbreak of systemic Edwardsiella piscicida infection in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de, 1802) in California, USA","volume":"42","author":"Camus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716637639","article-title":"Histologic and molecular characterization of Edwardsiella piscicida infection in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"28","author":"Fogelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.12.011","article-title":"Recovery of Edwardsiella piscicida from farmed whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), in Finland","volume":"454","author":"Shafiei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03051","article-title":"Edwardsiella piscicida-like pathogen in cultured grouper","volume":"121","author":"Ucko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2017.09.004","article-title":"Genetic studies to re-affiliate Edwardsiella tarda fish isolates to Edwardsiella piscicida and Edwardsiella anguillarum species","volume":"41","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03281","article-title":"Edwardsiella piscicida: A significant bacterial pathogen of cultured fish","volume":"131","author":"Toranzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichley, S.R., Waldbieser, G.C., Lawrence, M.L., and Griffin, M.J. (2015). Complete genome sequence of an Edwardsiella piscicida-like species, recovered from tilapia in the United States. Genome Announc., 3.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01004-15"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714566672","article-title":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection and quantification of Edwardsiella tarda, Edwardsiella piscicida, and Edwardsiella piscicida\u2013like species in catfish tissues and pond water","volume":"27","author":"Reichley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12467","article-title":"Comparative susceptibility of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus; blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus; and channel (\u2640)\u00d7 blue (\u2642) hybrid catfish to Edwardsiella piscicida, Edwardsiella tarda, and Edwardsiella anguillarum","volume":"49","author":"Reichley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1621648","article-title":"Edwardsiella piscicida: A versatile emerging pathogen of fish","volume":"10","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738199","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a highly virulent Edwardsiella piscicida strain responsible for mass mortality in marbled eel (Anguilla marmorata) cultured in Korea","volume":"555","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-007-0143-8","article-title":"Edwardsiellosis in fish: A brief review","volume":"32","author":"Mohanty","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.09.005","article-title":"Outbreaks of edwardsiellosis caused by Edwardsiella piscicida and Edwardsiella tarda in farmed barramundi (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"48","author":"Loch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13657305.2024.2319083","article-title":"Economic impact of Edwardsiellosis on the U.S. catfish industry","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/naaq.10143","article-title":"Medicated-feed intervention in catfish farming: An economic perspective","volume":"82","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13491","article-title":"Genetic variability of Edwardsiella piscicida isolates from Mississippi catfish aquaculture with an assessment of virulence in channel and channel\u00d7 blue hybrid catfish","volume":"44","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2009.00108.x","article-title":"Identification of novel putative virulence factors, adhesin AIDA and type VI secretion system, in atypical strains of fish pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda by genomic subtractive hybridization","volume":"53","author":"Sakai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12198","article-title":"Invasin of Edwardsiella tarda is essential for its hemolytic activity, biofilm formation and virulence towards fish","volume":"115","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"USDA\u2013NASS. (United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service) (2025, January 01). 2023 Census of Aquaculture, Available online: www.nass.usda.gov\/Publications\/AgCensus\/2022\/Online_Resources\/Aquaculture\/Aqua.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"HACH (2013). DR\/3900 Spectrophotometer Procedure Manual, HACH Company."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2003)015<0080:ARPCRA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay of the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish","volume":"15","author":"Bilodeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichley, S.R., Waldbieser, G.C., Tekedar, H.C., Lawrence, M.L., and Griffin, M.J. (2016). Complete genome sequence of Edwardsiella piscicida isolate S11-285 recovered from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Mississippi, USA. Genome Announc., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01259-16"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00241-4","article-title":"How to optimize the drop plate method for enumerating bacteria","volume":"44","author":"Herigstad","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2020.01.004","article-title":"Updates on selected emerging infectious diseases of ornamental fish","volume":"23","author":"McDermott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13691","article-title":"Pathology and virulence of Edwardsiella tarda, Edwardsiella piscicida, and Edwardsiella anguillarum in channel (Ictalurus punctatus), blue (Ictalurus furcatus), and channel \u00d7 blue hybrid catfish","volume":"45","author":"Armwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00322.x","article-title":"Pathology of experimental enteric septicemia in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), following immersion-exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri","volume":"12","author":"Newton","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-29.2.334","article-title":"An epizootic of Edwardsiella tarda in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"29","author":"Reed","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1985.tb00961.x","article-title":"Histopathology of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)","volume":"8","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2000)012<0255:HAPOEI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Histopathology and pathogenesis of experimental infection with Edwardsiella tarda in channel catfish","volume":"12","author":"Darwish","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.11.33","article-title":"Histopathological studies on Edwardsiella tarda infection of Japanese eel\u2212 1. Natural infection\u2013suppurative interstitial nephritis","volume":"11","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1976","journal-title":"Fish Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2006.00685.x","article-title":"Pathology of Edwardsiella tarda infection in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)","volume":"29","author":"Padros","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1986)115<232:PCBTBE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Pathology caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella tarda in striped bass","volume":"115","author":"Herman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"100973","article-title":"Edwardsiella piscicida, a pathogenic bacterium newly detected in spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus in China","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquacult. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8030(93)90028-A","article-title":"Pathogenesis of gram-negative bacterial infections in warmwater fish","volume":"3","author":"Thune","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13509","article-title":"Genetic characterization of heterologous Edwardsiella piscicida isolates from diverse fish hosts and virulence assessment in a Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha model","volume":"44","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/13657305.2019.1632392","article-title":"Economic assessment of commercial-scale Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine trials in the U.S. catfish industry","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquac. Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12693","article-title":"An orally delivered, live-attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine efficiently protects channel catfish fingerlings against multiple Edwardsiella ictaluri field isolates","volume":"51","author":"Aarattuthodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13623","article-title":"Cross-protective efficacy of a live-attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against heterologous Edwardsiella piscicida isolates in channel and channel \u00d7 blue catfish hybrids","volume":"45","author":"Griffin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/08997659.2015.1032440","article-title":"Oral vaccination of channel catfish against enteric septicemia of catfish using a live attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri isolate","volume":"27","author":"Wise","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/4\/334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:06:33Z","timestamp":1760029593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/4\/334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14040334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14040334","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}}}