{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:33:23Z","timestamp":1783125203843,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014e.INS Ecosystem of Innovation for Next Generation Sardinia","award":["22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014e.INS Ecosystem of Innovation for Next Generation Sardinia","award":["2022BP837R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BP837R"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014e.INS Ecosystem of Innovation for Next Generation Sardinia","award":["PNRR-MCNT1-2023-12376993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MCNT1-2023-12376993"]}]},{"name":"Regione Autonoma Sardegna","award":["22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22"]}]},{"name":"Regione Autonoma Sardegna","award":["2022BP837R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BP837R"]}]},{"name":"Regione Autonoma Sardegna","award":["PNRR-MCNT1-2023-12376993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MCNT1-2023-12376993"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022 n","award":["22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022 n","award":["2022BP837R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BP837R"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022 n","award":["PNRR-MCNT1-2023-12376993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MCNT1-2023-12376993"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022BP837R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BP837R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNRR-MCNT1-2023-12376993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MCNT1-2023-12376993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) is a multifactorial polygenic inflammatory bowel disease linked to aberrant immune response. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP) has been associated with CD; however, detecting MAP in CD tissues remains highly challenging. Recently, Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) differential gene expression has been reported in CD, but little is known about the involvement of MAP and HERVs in CD pathology. This study aimed to characterize the humoral response against HERV-K, HERV-W, and MAP antigens using an indirect ELISA in plasma samples from CD patients and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs). We observed a significant antibody response against HERV-K and HERV-W epitopes in CD patients in comparison to MAP epitopes, as well as a higher overall antibody response in patients compared to HCs. This study is the first to report the presence of humoral immune response against HERVs antigens in CD. Considering the pro-inflammatory nature of CD, HERVs may contribute to the development or progression of disease in genetically predisposed individuals. However, further research is needed to better understand the complex role of HERVs in CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T11:24:39Z","timestamp":1744025079000},"page":"361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response to Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Crohn\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alishba","family":"Fayyaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Cugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1087-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Noli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somaye","family":"Jasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Rita","family":"Simula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo A.","family":"Sechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"SC Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh-23-16","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Crohn\u2019s disease: The debate continues","volume":"8","author":"Mintz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. 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