{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:11:35Z","timestamp":1783937495955,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MIST), Republic of Korea","award":["2020R1A2C2012721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C2012721"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MIST), Republic of Korea","award":["2019R1A6C1010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6C1010003"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea","award":["2020R1A2C2012721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C2012721"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea","award":["2019R1A6C1010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6C1010003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophils are granulocytes involved in the effector phase of type 2 T cell immune responses, which are elevated in inflammatory conditions like ulcerative colitis (UC) and other allergic diseases. UC is a chronic inflammatory colon disease, marked by excessive eosinophil infiltration and elevated Th2 cytokines, which contribute to mucosal inflammation and tissue damage. Dietary factors, including certain organic acids, can influence UC progression by modulating gut immune responses. This research is the first to explore the dose-dependent effects of tartaric acid (TA), a naturally occurring organic acid widely used in the food industry, on eosinophil activation and Th2 cytokine response in both normal mice and a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Normal mice were treated with TA at varying doses (5 \u00b5g, 25 \u00b5g, and 50 \u00b5g\/mouse\/day), while colitis mice received 50 \u00b5g TA. Eosinophil activation markers (CD11b+, SiglecF+, and CCR3+), Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31), and IL-17 were assessed in peripheral blood leukocytes, lymph nodes, and splenocytes using flow cytometry. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of eosinophil-associated chemokines and cytokines in the splenocytes were quantified with real-time qPCR. Our results demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of TA, with the highest dose (50 \u00b5g) significantly increasing eosinophil activation markers, Th2 cytokines, IL-17, and mRNA expression of SiglecF, CCL11, and toll-like receptor 4 in normal mice. In colitis mice, treatment with 50 \u00b5g TA showed marked increases in IL-13 levels compared to those of untreated colitis mice, reflecting increased eosinophil recruitment to inflamed tissues. Moreover, mRNA expression of IL-5R\u03b1 was elevated in normal mice and colitis mice administered with TA. These results suggest that TA enhances eosinophil proliferation, the upregulation of their regulatory molecules, and Th2 immune profiles, potentially worsening the severity of colitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1744174987000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tartaric Acid Exacerbates DSS-Induced Colitis by Promoting Eosinophilic Inflammation via IL-13 and IL-5R\u03b1 Upregulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bushra","family":"Riaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0349-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye-Myung","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bunsoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonghyang","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090720","article-title":"The eosinophil","volume":"24","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3341","article-title":"Eosinophils: Changing perspectives in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182182ff8","article-title":"Siglec-F inhibition reduces esophageal eosinophilia and angiogenesis in a mouse model of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"53","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Dai, M., Zhu, Y., Bao, Y., Peng, H., Liu, K., and Zhu, X. (2022). Gene knockdown of CCR3 reduces eosinophilic inflammation and the Th2 immune response by inhibiting the PI3K\/AKT pathway in allergic rhinitis mice. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09467-4"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagnasco, D., Ferrando, M., Varricchi, G., Puggioni, F., Passalacqua, G., and Canonica, G.W. (2017). Anti-Interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-5Ra Biological Drugs: Efficacy, Safety, and Future Perspectives in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Front. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00135"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-306998","article-title":"Eosinophil-mediated signalling attenuates inflammatory responses in experimental colitis","volume":"64","author":"Masterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3838","article-title":"Targeting eosinophils in allergy, inflammation and beyond","volume":"12","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagome, K., and Nagata, M. (2018). Involvement and Possible Role of Eosinophils in Asthma Exacerbation. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02220"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17845","article-title":"Review article: Emerging insights into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of eosinophilic oesophagitis and other eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"59","author":"Low","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0080","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis: An update","volume":"21","author":"Segal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2329-7","article-title":"Recurrent blood eosinophilia in ulcerative colitis is associated with severe disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"58","author":"Barrie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12885","article-title":"Resident intestinal eosinophils constitutively express antigen presentation markers and include two phenotypically distinct subsets of eosinophils","volume":"154","author":"Xenakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarczyk, O., D\u0105bek-Drobny, A., Wo\u017aniakiewicz, M., Pa\u015bko, P., Dobrowolska-Iwanek, J., Wo\u017aniakiewicz, A., Pi\u0105tek-Guziewicz, A., Zagrodzki, P., Mach, T., and Zwoli\u0144ska-Wcis\u0142o, M. (2021). Fecal Levels of Lactic, Succinic and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease: A Pilot Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204701"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, S.C., and Yang, J.H. (2018). Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040863"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176668","article-title":"Tartaric acid ameliorates experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway","volume":"975","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2014-0058","article-title":"Obstructive nephropathy induced with DL-potassium hydrogen tartrate in F344 rats","volume":"28","author":"Inoue","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, T., and Rothenberg, M.E. (2016). The Regulatory Function of Eosinophils. Microbiol. Spectr., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MCHD-0020-2015"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0108058","article-title":"Human eosinophils constitutively express multiple Th1, Th2, and immunoregulatory cytokines that are secreted rapidly and differentially","volume":"85","author":"Spencer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12880","article-title":"Revisiting Type 2-high and Type 2-low airway inflammation in asthma: Current knowledge and therapeutic implications","volume":"47","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000212","article-title":"Role of type 2 immunity in intestinal inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Bamias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0415-0","article-title":"Targeting immune cell circuits and trafficking in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Neurath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.04.025","article-title":"Eosinophils in Health and Disease: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"96","author":"Wechsler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"80","article-title":"Effect of CCR3 gene on related inflammatory cells in respiratory allergic diseases","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05.003","article-title":"Novel peptide nanoparticle-biased antagonist of CCR3 blocks eosinophil recruitment and airway hyperresponsiveness","volume":"143","author":"Grozdanovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5334.2005","article-title":"Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells","volume":"277","author":"Sallusto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04248.x","article-title":"Increased expression of chemokine receptor CCR3 and its ligands in ulcerative colitis: The role of colonic epithelial cells in in vitro studies","volume":"162","author":"Manousou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00608-8","article-title":"CCL11\/CCR3-dependent eosinophilia alleviates malignant pleural effusions and improves prognosis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-02046-3","article-title":"CCL11 exacerbates colitis and inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis","volume":"40","author":"Polosukhina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.07.001","article-title":"Expression of eotaxins in the material from nasal brushing in asthma, allergic rhinitis and COPD patients","volume":"60","author":"Rubinsztajn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.02.016","article-title":"Analysis of eotaxin 1\/CCL11, eotaxin 2\/CCL24 and eotaxin 3\/CCL26 expression in lesional and non-lesional skin of patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"50","author":"Owczarek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2014.917659","article-title":"CCL11 as a potential diagnostic marker for asthma?","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.04.012","article-title":"From airway inflammation to inflammatory bowel disease: Eotaxin-1, a key regulator of intestinal inflammation","volume":"153","author":"Adar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05628-7","article-title":"Active eosinophils regulate host defence and immune responses in colitis","volume":"615","author":"Gurtner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176331","article-title":"Antagonizing interleukin-5 receptor ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in mice through reducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"965","author":"Ou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.11.041","article-title":"Tissue eosinophilia in a mouse model of colitis is highly dependent on TLR2 and independent of mast cells","volume":"178","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109305","article-title":"Characterization of immune responses associated with ERAP-1 expression in HSV-induced Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"250","author":"Ryu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2021_640","article-title":"Eosinophils as Major Player in Type 2 Inflammation: Autoimmunity and Beyond","volume":"1347","author":"Folci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.03.001","article-title":"IL-17 and neutrophils: Unexpected players in the type 2 immune response","volume":"34","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.105819","article-title":"Eosinophils, the IL-5\/IL-5R\u03b1 axis, and the biologic effects of benralizumab in severe asthma","volume":"160","author":"Matucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15751","article-title":"Eosinophils from A to Z","volume":"78","author":"Gigon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.103017","article-title":"The influence of cytokines on the complex pathology of ulcerative colitis","volume":"21","author":"Nakase","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoving, J.C. (2018). Targeting IL-13 as a Host-Directed Therapy Against Ulcerative Colitis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00395"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000337733","article-title":"Eosinophils are now recognized to play a role in health and disease, with a functional diversity due to multifaceted biological properties. Preface","volume":"158","author":"Ohno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8489-4","article-title":"Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis and Colitis: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"50","author":"Uppal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00863-y","article-title":"Eosinophils and eosinophil-associated disorders: Immunological, clinical, and molecular complexity","volume":"43","author":"Valent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.04.011","article-title":"High blood eosinophil count is associated with more frequent asthma attacks in asthma patients","volume":"113","author":"Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-L\u00f3pez, I., Parilli-Moser, I., Arancibia-Riveros, C., Tresserra-Rimbau, A., Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A., Ortega-Azor\u00edn, C., Salas-Salvad\u00f3, J., Casta\u00f1er, O., Lapetra, J., and Ar\u00f3s, F. (2021). Urinary Tartaric Acid, a Biomarker of Wine Intake, Correlates with Lower Total and LDL Cholesterol. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082883"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29648","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA05508J","article-title":"Synthesis of polyaniline-coated composite anion exchange membranes based on polyacrylonitrile for the separation of tartaric acid via electrodialysis","volume":"14","author":"Khurram","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e06030","article-title":"Re-evaluation of l(+)-tartaric acid (E 334), sodium tartrates (E 335), potassium tartrates (E 336), potassium sodium tartrate (E 337) and calcium tartrate (E 354) as food additives","volume":"18","author":"Younes","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T1476","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12172","article-title":"Subchronic and reproductive\/developmental (screening level) toxicity of complexation products of iron trichloride and sodium tartrate (FemTA)","volume":"78","author":"Lynch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2022.101104","article-title":"Siglecs in allergy and asthma","volume":"90","author":"Bochner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-024-01699-1","article-title":"The Effects of L-Tartaric Acid on Ovarian Histostereological and Serum Hormonal Analysis in an Animal Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Vakili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2174\/1871525721666230111150501","article-title":"L-Tartaric Acid Exhibits Antihypertensive and Vasorelaxant Effects: The Possible Role of eNOS\/NO\/cGMP Pathways","volume":"21","author":"Amssayef","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.31.17","article-title":"Cough threshold to inhaled tartaric acid and bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in patients with asthma and sino-bronchial syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Fujimura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.1.195","article-title":"Interleukin 5 deficiency abolishes eosinophilia, airways hyperreactivity, and lung damage in a mouse asthma model","volume":"183","author":"Foster","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doran, E., Cai, F., Holweg, C.T.J., Wong, K., Brumm, J., and Arron, J.R. (2017). Interleukin-13 in Asthma and Other Eosinophilic Disorders. Front. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00139"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12319","article-title":"Therapeutic activity of an interleukin-4\/interleukin-13 dual antagonist on oxazolone-induced colitis in mice","volume":"143","author":"Kasaian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.07.004","article-title":"The role of Th17\/IL-17 on eosinophilic inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgia, F., Custurone, P., Li Pomi, F., Cordiano, R., Alessandrello, C., and Gangemi, S. (2022). IL-31: State of the Art for an Inflammation-Oriented Interleukin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126507"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davoine, F., and Lacy, P. (2014). Eosinophil cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors: Emerging roles in immunity. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00570"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02958.x","article-title":"Eosinophils: Biological properties and role in health and disease","volume":"38","author":"Hogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marichal, T., Mesnil, C., and Bureau, F. (2017). Homeostatic Eosinophils: Characteristics and Functions. Front. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00101"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coburn, L.A., Horst, S.N., Chaturvedi, R., Brown, C.T., Allaman, M.M., Scull, B.P., Singh, K., Piazuelo, M.B., Chitnavis, M.V., and Hodges, M.E. (2013). High-throughput multi-analyte Luminex profiling implicates eotaxin-1 in ulcerative colitis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082300"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7725","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.13.7725","article-title":"Molecular cloning of human eotaxin, an eosinophil-selective CC chemokine, and identification of a specific eosinophil eotaxin receptor, CC chemokine receptor 3","volume":"271","author":"Kitaura","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)61504-8","article-title":"Characterization of binding between the chemokine eotaxin and peptides derived from the chemokine receptor CCR3","volume":"275","author":"Ye","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esnault, S., Johansson, M.W., and Mathur, S.K. (2021). Eosinophils, beyond IL-5. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102615"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6978936","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6978936","article-title":"The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammation","volume":"2016","author":"Molteni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/4\/366\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:32Z","timestamp":1760029952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/4\/366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14040366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14040366","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}}}