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Clinical disease is characterized by acute heart failure in most taxonomic groups, often culminating in rapid death. Due to the rapid progression of the disease, diagnostic confirmation is most commonly obtained postmortem. Pathological examination reveals interstitial lymphohistiocytic myocarditis and multiorgan congestion in most cases. EMCV is often demonstrated with RT-PCR or virus isolation techniques, but other methods, e.g., serology and immunohistochemistry, are available. The rapid progression of EMCV precludes effective therapeutic intervention, though agents such as interferon, verapamil, and curcumol have shown potential efficacy. Preventative strategies are crucial, emphasizing biosecurity measures to mitigate rodent contamination of feed and water. Inactivated vaccines have demonstrated protective efficacy in experimental models involving mice, pigs, and elephants, with analogous immunogenic responses observed in various zoological species. Live attenuated vaccines have conferred protection in pigs and NHPs, albeit with variable seroconversion rates in different species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:24:16Z","timestamp":1745180656000},"page":"397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Encephalomyocarditis Virus in Non-Domesticated Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7253-8437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remco A.","family":"Nederlof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 2861 XZ Bergambacht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bon-sang","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia Sierra","family":"Arqueros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Selwo Aventura Zoo, Avenida Parque Selwo s\/n, 29680 Estepona, Spain"},{"name":"Selwo Marina Zoo, Parque de la Paloma s\/n, 29630 Benalm\u00e1dena, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1079-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor Natividad Camacho","family":"Sillero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica en Fauna Silvestre (PVE), Consejer\u00eda de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente y Econom\u00eda Azul, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, 29002 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7064-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Vercammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, K. Astridplein 20-26, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6670-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaco","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000911","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Picornaviridae","volume":"98","author":"Zell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. 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