{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:36:58Z","timestamp":1792795018101,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016047","name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7739780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7739780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016047","name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016047","name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016047","name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MSTDI Republic of Serbia","award":["7739780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7739780"]}]},{"name":"MSTDI Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200024"]}]},{"name":"MSTDI Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200129"]}]},{"name":"MSTDI Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The scope of the antibacterial effects of plasma-activated water (PAW) is not yet fully comprehended. We investigated the activity of PAW produced by the in-house 3-pin atmospheric pressure plasma jet against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, with a focus on PAW\u2019s potential to promote susceptibility to conventional antibiotics in these bacteria. Bacterial inactivation was determined by the colony count after 15 and 60 min PAW treatments. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) measured following repeated exposures to PAW across multiple generations of bacteria enabled the assessment of changes in susceptibility to antibiotics. The PAW\u2019s efficacy was also analyzed through the detection of intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in treated bacteria. Time-dependent significant inactivation efficiency against K. pneumoniae was observed (log reduction 6.92 \u00b1 0.24 after 60 min exposure), while effects on E. faecalis were limited. PAW demonstrated potential to decrease the MICs of crucial antibiotics. Namely, a 50 to 62.5% decrease in the MICs of colistin against K. pneumoniae and a 25% reduction in the MICs of vancomycin against enterococci were recorded. We found a significant increase in the superoxide anion concentration in K. pneumoniae and E. faecalis cells after PAW treatments. This study indicates that PAW\u2019s inactivating efficacy coupled with the capacity for the potentiation of antibiotic effects is a promising combination against multidrug-resistant bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14050410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T10:17:16Z","timestamp":1745489836000},"page":"410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Plasma-Activated Water Against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4028-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Vukovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Suboti\u0107a starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8622-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Mileti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Suboti\u0107a starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6664-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo\u0161ko","family":"Tolji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Suboti\u0107a starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7183-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Milojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Suboti\u0107a starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2633-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivera","family":"Jovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5397-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovana","family":"Kuzmanovi\u0107 Pfi\u0107er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Suboti\u0107a starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"\u0160koro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1142-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevena","family":"Pua\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). 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