{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:49:41Z","timestamp":1792259381979,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a widespread parasitic infection affecting humans and animals. The genetic diversity of T. gondii varies across regions, with type I, II, and III strains predominantly circulating in Europe and North America. This study genotyped 67 (78.8%) T. gondii DNA isolates from cats using nested and multilocus PCR-RFLP, identifying type I, genotype #10 (ToxoDB#10), for the first time in Poland. The other 18 (21.2%) stool samples containing T. gondii-like oocysts were confirmed as Hammondia hammondi. Comparative analysis with data from other countries highlights notable regional differences in genotype prevalence. The high occurrence of genotype 3 (ToxoDB#3) in central Europe may be linked to its presence in wild rodents and insectivores, key reservoirs in the parasite\u2019s life cycle. Additionally, genetic analysis of meat products and livestock indicates a potential transmission pathway to felines through raw or undercooked meat consumption. These findings contribute to a better understanding of T. gondii epidemiology and its implications for public health and veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14050444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:58Z","timestamp":1746171898000},"page":"444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["PCR Detection, Genotyping, and Differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii from Hammondia hammondi Excreted in the Feces of Cats in Poland Between 2020 and 2024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dawid","family":"Ja\u0144czak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Stryjek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra Kornelia","family":"Maj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animallab Veterinary Laboratory, 03-430 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Olszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animallab Veterinary Laboratory, 03-430 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Szalu\u015b-Jordanow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00023-X","article-title":"Advances in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"28","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005","article-title":"History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"39","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00141-3","article-title":"Redescription of Hammondia hammondi and its differentiation from Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"33","author":"Dubey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.4.636","article-title":"The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces","volume":"132","author":"Dubey","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03431.x","article-title":"Cyst-Induced Toxoplasmosis in Cats","volume":"19","author":"Dubey","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2307\/3279410","article-title":"Further studies on the transmission of Hammondia hammondi in cats","volume":"62","author":"Dubey","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2774.1","article-title":"Sporulation and survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in different types of commercial cat litter","volume":"97","author":"Dubey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.09.040","article-title":"Ocular Toxoplasmosis: A Global Reassessment. Part I: Epidemiology and Course of Disease","volume":"136","author":"Holland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.002","article-title":"Control of the Risk of Human Toxoplasmosis Transmitted by Meat","volume":"38","author":"Kijlstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Darde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7254.142","article-title":"Sources of Toxoplasma Infection in Pregnant Women: European Multicentre Case-Control Study","volume":"321","author":"Cook","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.08.005","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Antenatal Population in Menoufia Governorate","volume":"124","author":"Khodeer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Egypt. Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04528-x","article-title":"Behavioral Biology of Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"14","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.11.1556","article-title":"Histologically Confirmed Clinical Toxoplasmosis in Cats: 100 Cases (1952\u20131990)","volume":"203","author":"Dubey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01273.x","article-title":"Cats and Toxoplasma: Implications for Public Health","volume":"57","author":"Dabritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.10.021","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: A study of oocyst re-shedding in domestic cats","volume":"249","author":"Zulpo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1978.tb03909.x","article-title":"Effect of immunization of cats with Isospora felis and BCG on immunity to reexcretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts","volume":"25","author":"Dubey","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxoplasma, Hammondia, Sarcocystis, and Other Tissue Cyst-Forming Coccidia of Humans and Animals","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Kreier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitic Protozoa"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2008.04.003","article-title":"Characterization of a repetitive DNA fragment in Hammondia hammondi and its utility for the specific differentiation of H. hammondi from Toxoplasma gondii by PCR","volume":"22","author":"Schares","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0957-9","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis of Oocysts of Hammondia-like Organisms of Dogs and Cats by PCR-RFLP Analysis of 70-Kilodalton Heat Shock Protein (HSP70)","volume":"103","author":"Monteiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.398-400.2001","article-title":"Rapid identification of virulent type I strains of the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis at the B1 gene","volume":"39","author":"Grigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.06.007","article-title":"Genetic Diversity, Clonality and Sexuality in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"34","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Comprises Three Clonal Lineages: Correlation of Parasite Genotype with Human Disease","volume":"172","author":"Howe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.03.003","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by Multilocus PCR-RFLP Markers: A High-Resolution and Simple Method for Identification of Parasites","volume":"36","author":"Su","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2017.023","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Goats from the South-West Region of Poland and the Detection of T. gondii DNA in Goat Milk","volume":"64","author":"Sroka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00170-8","article-title":"Identification of a 200-to 300-fold repetitive 529 bp DNA fragment in Toxoplasma gondii, and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR","volume":"30","author":"Homan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1086\/322800","article-title":"Unusual abundance of atypical strains associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"184","author":"Grigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.6.1411-1414.1997","article-title":"Determination of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from patient with toxoplasmosis","volume":"35","author":"Howe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5881-5887.2005","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from immunocompromised patients reveals high prevalence of type I strains","volume":"43","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00036-9","article-title":"Molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii strains by GRA6 gene sequence analysis","volume":"30","author":"Fazaeli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991065","article-title":"Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identification of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"137","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.008","article-title":"Comparison of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats from Australia with latent infection or clinical toxoplasmosis","volume":"228","author":"Brennan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110439","article-title":"Dolphins share Toxoplasma gondii Type II genotypes with terrestrial animals: Evidence of terrestrial T. gondii contamination in marine environments","volume":"335","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12188","article-title":"Life Cycle of Hammondia hammondi (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) in Cats","volume":"62","author":"Dubey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1977.tb05302.x","article-title":"Effect of age and sex on the acquisition of immunity to toxoplasmosis in cats","volume":"24","author":"Dubey","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1989.tb03089.x","article-title":"Clinical feline toxoplasmosis: Serological diagnosis and therapeutic management of 15 cases","volume":"3","author":"Lappin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383662","article-title":"Hammondia hammondi gen. nov., sp.nov., from domestic cats, a new coccidian related to Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis","volume":"46","author":"Frenkel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Z. Parasitenkd."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.11.046","article-title":"Prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in feline faeces (oocysts) and meat from sheep, cattle and pigs in Switzerland","volume":"177","author":"Herrmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.2307\/3283823","article-title":"Duration of immunity to shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cats","volume":"81","author":"Dubey","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.009","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Epidemiology, feline clinical aspects, and prevention","volume":"26","author":"Elmore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.4.351","article-title":"Effect of oral administration of cyclosporine on Toxoplasma gondii infection status of cats","volume":"76","author":"Lappin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2004.00371.x","article-title":"A case of fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in a cat being treated with cyclosporin A for feline atopy","volume":"15","author":"Last","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"483","article-title":"Fatal extraintestinal toxoplasmosis in a young male cat with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes","volume":"57","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P. (2010). Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16012","article-title":"Experimental infection of cats with Cystoisospora felis","volume":"35","author":"Scorza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3257.1","article-title":"Ante-mortem diagnosis, diarrhea, oocyst shedding, treatment, isolation, and genetic typing of Toxoplasma gondii associated with clinical toxoplasmosis in a naturally infected cat","volume":"99","author":"Dubey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3254.1","article-title":"Seroprevalence and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats from urban areas in Latvia","volume":"99","author":"Deksne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5646-0","article-title":"10-year parasitological examination results (2003 to 2012) of faecal samples from horses, ruminants, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits and hedgehogs","volume":"116","author":"Raue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"693","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection of cats in Pozna\u0144 and its district in the aspect of the danger of parasite invasion of people","volume":"44","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wiad. Parazytol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.12.004","article-title":"Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Hammondia hammondi oocysts in the faeces of cats from Germany and other European countries","volume":"152","author":"Schares","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2005.09.007","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats from S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil: Seroprevalence, oocyst shedding, isolation in mice, and biologic and molecular characterization","volume":"81","author":"Pena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.439","article-title":"Soil survival of Toxoplasma oocysts in Kansas and Costa Rica","volume":"24","author":"Frenkel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061888","article-title":"Success and virulence in Toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries","volume":"294","author":"Grigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"199","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii\u2014known and unknown parasite","volume":"54","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/359082a0","article-title":"Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage","volume":"359","author":"Sibley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14872","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702356104","article-title":"Recent transcontinental sweep of Toxoplasma gondii driven by a single monomorphic chromosome","volume":"104","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.165","article-title":"Land use and soil contamination with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in urban areas","volume":"568","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11423","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601438103","article-title":"Globalization and the population structure of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"103","author":"Lehmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"105","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from cat feces in Songkhla, Southern Thailand","volume":"13","author":"Chemoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khodaverdi, M., and Razmi, G. (2019). Prevalence and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats in Mashhad area, Iran. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2176-2"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Escobar, M., Schares, G., Maksimov, P., Joeres, M., Ortega-Mora, L.M., and Calero-Bernal, R. (2022). Toxoplasma gondii genotyping: A closer look into Europe. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.842595"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871102300117","article-title":"Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii causing fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent 10-year-old cat","volume":"23","author":"Spycher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14533549","article-title":"A retrospective molecular study of select intestinal protozoa in healthy pet cats from Italy","volume":"17","author":"Mancianti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1403.1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from cats in Spain","volume":"94","author":"Montoya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.08.001","article-title":"Atypical Toxoplasma gondii genotypes identified in oocysts shed by cats in Germany","volume":"40","author":"Herrmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/176075","article-title":"Molecular confirmation of systemic toxoplasmosis in a cat","volume":"30","author":"Sroka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.01.007","article-title":"High prevalence rates of Toxoplasma gondii in cat-hunted small mammals\u2014Evidence for parasite-induced behavioural manipulation in the natural environment?","volume":"20","author":"Hegglin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.26444\/monz\/143316","article-title":"Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among free-living small rodents and insectivores in the Lublin Province\u2014the role of these animals in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis","volume":"27","author":"Sroka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Og. Nauk. Zdr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzybek, M., Antolov\u00e1, D., To\u0142kacz, K., Alsarraf, M., Behnke-Borowczyk, J., Nowicka, J., Paleolog, J., Biernat, B., Behnke, J.M., and Bajer, A. (2021). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among sylvatic rodents in Poland. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.27.428493"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/184723","article-title":"Identification of Toxoplasma gondii in wild rodents in Poland by molecular and serological techniques","volume":"31","author":"Nowicka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Must, K., Hytonen, M.K., Orro, T., Lohi, H., and Jokelainen, P. (2017). Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence varies by cat breed. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184659"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.07.015","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in Romanian household cats: Evaluation of serological test, epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"102","author":"Gyorke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2520","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in owned domestic cats in Australia","volume":"20","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014007","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii Type II in sheep abortion in Sardinia, Italy","volume":"21","author":"Chessa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00070-X","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in commercial meat products as monitored by polymerase chain reaction\u2014Food for thought?","volume":"32","author":"Aspinall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2537","article-title":"Detection and Molecular Characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in Retail Raw Meat Products in Poland","volume":"16","author":"Sroka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/5\/444\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:25:24Z","timestamp":1760030724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/5\/444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14050444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14050444","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}