{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:41:02Z","timestamp":1789926062181,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) of the head and neck is a rare but difficult diagnosis due to mostly absent pulmonary involvement and high clinical resemblance to neoplastic or chronic inflammatory conditions. This diagnosis still poses a challenge for otorhinolaryngologists, due to non-specific symptoms and the low index of suspicion in non-endemic regions. (2) Methods: This study presents a retrospective review of nine cases of head and neck EPTB diagnosed at two regional hospitals in southern Romania. Patients presented with pharyngeal, laryngeal, or cervical lymph node involvement. All cases underwent surgical biopsies for histopathological and microbiological confirmation, followed by standard anti-tubercular therapy. (3) Results: In all nine cases, surgical biopsies were essential for the accurate diagnosis and excluded malignancy or other granulomatous diseases. Diagnostic delays were observed due to atypical clinical presentations. Integration of biopsy findings with anti-tubercular treatment resulted in favorable disease control and clinical recovery. (4) Conclusions: Head and neck EPTB requires a high index of suspicion and clinical discernment. Surgical biopsy remains a critical diagnostic tool in practice and should be considered early in the diagnostic process when encountering atypical lesions. A timely use improves diagnostic accuracy, may eliminate delays, ensures patient safety, and improves therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14050479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T10:27:41Z","timestamp":1747218461000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Head and Neck Tuberculosis: A Rare Diagnosis and the Role of Surgical Biopsy and Histopathological Evaluation in Extrapulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carmen Aurelia","family":"Mogoant\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embriology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina-Maria","family":"Georgescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Maria","family":"Mitroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin Ioan","family":"Busuioc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sf\u00e2nta Maria Hospital, 011172 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionu\u0163","family":"T\u0103nase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6335-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona","family":"Cioboat\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona Mihaela","family":"Liliac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu Lucian","family":"Cimpeanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mircea Sorin","family":"Ciolofan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.07.013","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of tuberculosis","volume":"30","author":"Motta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. 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