{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:13:06Z","timestamp":1787166786881,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital","award":["CWZ_001421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CWZ_001421"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yeast bloodstream infections lead to high mortality and morbidity and are mostly observed in immunocompromised patients. In Africa, only a few studies have characterized clinical yeasts. To increase insight into yeast resistance and transmission in Africa, we identified various yeasts from Alexandria, Egypt and performed antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) and genotyping. A total of 1307 single isolates from unique patients, recovered from different anatomical sites including the bloodstream, retrieved from a reference laboratory in Alexandria, Egypt were studied. All isolates were identified with MALDI-TOF MS, while some were initially identified with a Vitek 2 Compact system. Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping was performed for the most common species, and AFST was performed with microbroth dilution. Among bloodstream isolates (n = 71), C. albicans was the most common etiological agent, followed by C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Comparison of yeast identification methods demonstrated that 22% of isolates were incorrectly identified with the Vitek 2 Compact system compared to MALDI-TOF MS. Multiple rare yeasts showed reduced antifungal susceptibility. STR genotyping demonstrated potential events of nosocomial transmission with N. glabratus and C. parapsilosis. Moreover, an azole-resistant C. tropicalis clade identified earlier in Alexandria was still present. To conclude, clinical yeasts in Alexandria, Egypt, are overall susceptible common species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14050486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T08:56:55Z","timestamp":1747299415000},"page":"486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genetic Epidemiology and Resistance Investigations of Clinical Yeasts in Alexandria, Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6734-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bram","family":"Spruijtenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ)\/Dicoon, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0272-0709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Melchior do Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 82590-300, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats van","family":"Kempen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ)\/Dicoon, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherine M.","family":"Shawky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5422021, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3253-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques F.","family":"Meis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2953-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Aparecida Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 82590-300, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 82590-300, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7034-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio","family":"Queiroz-Telles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5841-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theun de","family":"Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ)\/Dicoon, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4944-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"El-Kholy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Clinical and Biological Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy of Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Alexandria 1029, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eelco F. J.","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ)\/Dicoon, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1315399","article-title":"Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"373","author":"Kullberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00503-3","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"10","author":"Kanj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. 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