{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:10:21Z","timestamp":1788311421621,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003516","name":"EveryCat Health Foundation\u2019s Miller Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#MT21-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#MT21-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is caused by a systemic feline coronavirus (FCoV). Prior to June 2024, compounded FIP treatment was unavailable for prescription by veterinarians in the United States, leading to many cat owners obtaining treatment through unlicensed \u201cblack market\u201d sources. We hypothesized that clinicopathologic data could provide insight on prognostic indicators for the treatment of FIP with GS-441524. This study used data gathered via surveys from 126 cat owners who used \u201cblack market\u201d GS-441524 for their cats. We compared bloodwork parameters over twelve weeks of treatment. None of the clinicopathologic correlates, when analyzed via two-sample t-tests, produced statistically significant results between cured, deceased, and relapsed groups. Within cats considered cured, it was observed that hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cell (WBC) values were within normal limits by the 2\u20136-week period. Cats who died during the study had lower HCT and higher WBC values within the 2\u20136-week period. Trends were also seen in A\/G and total bilirubin (T-BIL), with deceased patients showing a higher A\/G ratio and lower value than those in the cured group. Overall, these data demonstrate a lack of traditional clinicopathologic parameters which are consistently predictive of FIP therapy success. Other predictors of outcome with antiviral therapy should be pursued.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14050507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T06:31:27Z","timestamp":1747809087000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prospective Analysis of Clinicopathologic Correlates of At-Home Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treatment Using GS-441524"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3023-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Larson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Negash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5146-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Novicoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Jacque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, San Jose, CA 95123, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16804","article-title":"Thirty-two cats with effusive or non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis treated with a combination of remdesivir and GS-441524","volume":"37","author":"Green","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16803","article-title":"Outcomes of treatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis using parenterally administered remdesivir, with or without transition to orally administered GS-441524","volume":"37","author":"Coggins","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X231183250","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231183250","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of cats in complete remission after treatment of feline infectious peritonitis with oral GS-441524","volume":"25","author":"Zwicklbauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosaro, E., Pires, J., Castillo, D., Murphy, B.G., and Reagan, K.L. (2023). Efficacy of Oral Remdesivir Compared to GS-441524 for Treatment of Cats with Naturally Occurring Effusive Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Blinded, Non-Inferiority Study. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081680"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X231194460","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231194460","article-title":"Retrospective study and outcome of 307 cats with feline infectious peritonitis treated with legally sourced veterinary compounded preparations of remdesivir and GS-441524 (2020\u20132022)","volume":"25","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuzzi-Krebitz, A.-M., Buchta, K., Bergmann, M., Krentz, D., Zwicklbauer, K., Dorsch, R., Wess, G., Fischer, A., Matiasek, K., and H\u00f6nl, A. (2024). Short Treatment of 42 Days with Oral GS-441524 Results in Equal Efficacy as the Recommended 84-Day Treatment in Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis with Effusion\u2014A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071144"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.08.0466","article-title":"Unlicensed antiviral products used for the at-home treatment of feline infectious peritonitis contain GS-441524 at significantly different amounts than advertised","volume":"262","author":"Kent","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19825701","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"21","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15780","article-title":"Antiviral treatment using the adenosine nucleoside analogue GS-441524 in cats with clinically diagnosed neurological feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"34","author":"Dickinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.04.026","article-title":"The nucleoside analog GS-441524 strongly inhibits feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus in tissue culture and experimental cat infection studies","volume":"219","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negash, R., Li, E., Jacque, N., Novicoff, W., and Evans, S.J.M. (2024). Owner experience and veterinary involvement with unlicensed GS-441524 treatment of feline infectious peritonitis: A prospective cohort study. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1377207"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Y., Li, T., Wang, C., Liu, X., Ouyang, H., Ji, W., Liu, J., Liao, X., Li, J., and Hu, C. (2021). A retrospective study of clinical and laboratory features and treatment on cats highly suspected of feline infectious peritonitis in Wuhan, China. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84754-0"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sase, O., Iwami, T., Sasaki, T., and Sano, T. (2024). GS-441524 and molnupiravir are similarly effective for the treatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1422408"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katayama, M., and Uemura, Y. (2021). Therapeutic Effects of Mutian\u00ae Xraphconn on 141 Client-Owned Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Predicted by Total Bilirubin Levels. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8120328"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.10.025","article-title":"Levels of feline infectious peritonitis virus in blood, effusions, and various tissues and the role of lymphopenia in disease outcome following experimental infection","volume":"175","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/5\/507\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:36:15Z","timestamp":1760031375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/5\/507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14050507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14050507","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]}}}